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Defence > AR > Flashcards

AR Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mechanism of S.aureus?

A

→Pore forming toxins
→Acute inflammation
→Superantigen

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2
Q

What is the mechanism of V. choleare?

A

→Cholera toxin ADP ribosylation of G protein subunits – increase cAMP

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3
Q

What is the mechanism of M. tuberculosis?

A

→Macrophage activation- granuloma and tissue destruction

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4
Q

What is the mechanism Rickettsia?

A

→endothelial infection and dysfunction

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5
Q

What is the mechanism of N. meningitidis?

A

→Acute inflammation,
→tissue damage
→sepsis due to potent endotoxin

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6
Q

What are the main features of bacterial infection?

A

→bacterial pathogens live and replicate in extracellular spaces with exceptions
→most acute and dangerous bacterial diseases are caused not by the bacteria themselves but by the toxins they produce

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7
Q

How many bacteria are there in the intestine?

A

→1014 essential bacteria

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8
Q

What are the mechanical defences in the different parts of the body?

A 
→flow of fluid
→perspiration
→urine
→mucus
→tears
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9
Q

What are the chemical defences in different parts of the body?

A

→sebum(fatty acids, lactic acid, lysozyme)- skin
→enzymes(proteases)
→lysozyme in nasal secretion
→acidic vaginal secretion, spermine and zinc in semen
→lysozyme in tears

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10
Q

What are the microbiological defences in the body?

A

→normal flora

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11
Q

What are defensins?

A

→Anti-microbial peptides capable of killing by penetrating microbial membranes thus disrupting their integrity

→active against bacteria, fungi and many enveloped and non-enveloped viruses

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12
Q

What are the types of defensins?

A

→𝛂-defensins

→β-defensins

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13
Q

What are alpha-defensins secreted by?

A

→mainly by neutrophils

→Paneth cells

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14
Q

What are Paneth cells?

A

→highly specialized secretory epithelial cells located in the small intestinal crypts of Lieberkühn

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15
Q

What are beta-defensins secreted by?

A

→broad range of epithelial cells

→in the respiratory tract, the skin and the urogenital tract

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16
Q

Describe the classical complement pathway

A

→triggered by antibody-antigen complexes binding to C1
→forms a C3 convertase
→C4b2a, which splits C3 into two fragments; the large fragment, C3b, can covalently attach to the surface of microbial pathogens
→opsonise them
→C3a, activates mast cells, causing the release of vasoactive mediators such as histamine

17
Q

Describe the alternative pathway

A

→factors, B, D, H & I, interact with each other, and with C3b, to form a C3 convertase

→activates more C3

18
Q

Describe the lectin pathway

A

→mannose-binding lectin (MBL) to mannose residues on the pathogen surface
→activates the MBL-associated serine proteases
→activate C4 and C2, to form the C3 convertase, C4b2a

19
Q

What are the outcomes of C3 and C5 convertases?

A

→inflammation- recruitment of C5a and C3a
→lysis- C3b bind to bacteria
→opsonisation

20
Q

Describe the structure of TLRs

A

→leucine-rich repeat motifs

→cysteine-rich flanking motif

21
Q

Which type bacteria is TLR4 found on?

A

→gram negative, LPS

22
Q

Which type of bacteria is TLR2 found on?

A

→gram positive, peptidoglycan

23
Q

Which types of complement molecules are involved in mast cell degranulation?

A

→C3a

→C5a

24
Q

What 3 cells are involved in inflammation?

A

→monocyte via VCAM on blood vessel
→neutrophil via P-selectin
→lymphocyte via ICAM

25
Q

How else can neutrophils kill bacteria?

A

→Neutrophils Extracellular Traps (NETS)

26
Q

What are the three functions of Abs?

A

→Neutralise bacterial toxins
→Trigger classical complement pathway by binding of IgM to the bacterial cell surface
→Opsonisation; coating of bacteria with antibody thereby aiding phagocytosis

27
Q

What does IgM targeting of bacteria initiate?

A

→classical pathway of complement

→bacterial cell surface is coated in C3b facilitating its phagocytosis

28
Q

Which Ab is most active in neutralisation?

A

→IgG

→IgA

29
Q

Which Ab is most active in opsonisation?

A

→IgG

30
Q

Which Ab is most in NK killing?

A

→IgG

31
Q

Which Ab is most in mast cell sensitisation?

A

→IgE

32
Q

Which Abs are most active in activation of complement?

A

→IgM

→IgG

33
Q

Which Ab can cross the epithelium?

A

→IgA

34
Q

Which Ab can cross the placenta?

A

→IgG

35
Q

Which Ab can diffuse into extravascular spaces?

A

→IgG

→IgA

36
Q

Where do dendritic cells present to T-antigen cells?

A

→secondary lymphoid organs

37
Q

Example of pathogen that can survive inside macrophages

A

→Micobacterium tuberculosis

38
Q

Which cytokine can activate NK cells?

A

→IL-12

→produced from macrophages

Defence (31 decks)

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