BacVirVac

Question 1

When was Hep B added to the 6:1 vaccine and why?

Answer 1

→2017 due to an increasing number of babies acquiring the disease. Tradename of vaccine Infanrix Hexa

Question 2

What type of vaccine is polio and why?

Answer 2

→inactivated due to problem of reversion to virulence with the live attenuated vaccine

Question 3

What type of vaccination is Hib?

Answer 3

→conjugated

→either diphtheria or tetanus toxoids or meningococcal outer membrane proteins

Question 4

What type of vaccine is Hep B?

Answer 4

→recombinant sub-unit vaccine

Question 5

Why does the 6:1 vaccine need boosting?

Answer 5

→none of them are live

Question 6

What type of vaccine is pneumococcal?

Answer 6

→Conjugated polysaccharide

→Children under 2 can’t make a long-lasting protective immune response
to polysaccharide vaccines so they need a conjugated vaccine

Question 7

How is the rotavirus vaccine given?

Answer 7

→oral live vaccine given by syringe into the babies mouth

Question 8

What type of vaccine is MMR?

Answer 8

→live attenuated vaccine

Question 9

Which vaccines are in the 4:1 pre-school booster?

Answer 9

→tetanus,
→diptheria,
→whooping cough,
→ polio

Question 10

What is in the 3:1 teenage booster?

Answer 10

→tetanus
→diphtheria
→polio

Question 11

What stain is N.meningitidis

Answer 11

→-ve

Question 12

Which vaccine is given to uni students?

Answer 12

→MenC

Question 13

What type of vaccine is MenC?

Answer 13

→conjugated bacterial polysaccharide conjugated to tetanus toxoid

Question 14

Why was the MenB vaccine difficult to develop?

Answer 14

→because polysaccharide too similar to that on some human cells

Question 15

What is the MenB vaccine made from?

Answer 15

→3 major proteins found on meningococcal bacteri

Question 16

What stain is Haemophilus influenze?

Answer 16

→-ve

Question 17

What are the symptoms of bacteria meningitis?

Answer 17

→nasopharyngitis
→otitis media
→sinusitis
→epiglottitis
→neurological disorders

Question 18

What is the mechanism of diptheria?

Answer 18

→Corynebacterium diphtheriae
→Inhibits protein synthesis in eukaryotes
→Toxin produced locally but acts at a distance
→kills epithelial cells and polymorphs

→gelatinous exudate

→ulcer - necrotic exudate - Pseudomembrane

Question 19

What is the diphtheria vaccine combined with?

Answer 19

→aluminium salts adjuvant

Question 20

What are the fatal symptoms of diphtheria?

Answer 20

→local inflammation ,
→swelling,
→lymph nodes - Bull Neck

Question 21

What stain is Clostridium tetani?

Answer 21

→+ve
→soil dwellers
→anerobe

Question 22

What is the mechanism of action for C.tetani?

Answer 22

→Tetanus toxin is a neurotoxin that inhibits release of neurotransmitters (GABA, glycine) from inhibitory interneurons, which interact with motor neurones,

→resulting in violent spastic paralysis

Question 23

How is the tetanus vaccine prepared?

Answer 23

→treated with formaldehyde to convert it into a toxoid

→Combined with aluminium salt adjuvant

Question 24

What bacterium causes Whooping cough?

Answer 24

→Bordetella pertussis

Question 25

What is the mechanism of Bordetella pertussis?

Answer 25

→adheres to ciliated epithelial cells in upper respiratory tract and multiplies

→In infants may descend to lungs

→Secretes pertussis toxin which is a virulence factor

Question 26

Compare the old and new Whooping cough vaccine

Answer 26

→Old vaccine: Whole cell killed vaccine - reactogenic
→New=Pertussis toxoid
→Filamentous haemagglutinin (promotes adhesion to cells)
→Pertactin (promotes adhesion to cells)

→Blocks adhesion and neutralises toxin

Question 27

What is antigenic shift?

Answer 27

→gene reassortment between antigenically different strains producing hybrid progeny

Question 28

How many types of influenza virus?

Answer 28

→3 types, A,B and C

Question 29

Describe the flu vaccine

Answer 29

→quadrivalent containing two sub-types of Influenza A and 2 of Influenza B

→Attenuated so that it can only replicate in the cold

Question 30

How is the flu vaccine made?

Answer 30

→Grown either in embryonated hens’ eggs
or
→in cell culture and then inactivated

Question 31

What does invasive pneumococcal mean??

Answer 31

→where the bacterium can be isolated from blood or from another location which is normally sterile

Question 32

What type of vaccine is HPV?

Answer 32

→subunit vaccine consisting of recombinant capsid

→protein of 6,11,16,18 expressed in yeast which self-assemble into Virus Like Particles

Question 33

Why does the HPV vaccine resemble virus even though it has no genetic material?

Answer 33

→self-assemble into Virus Like Particles

→Resembles virus so immunogenic – but no genetic material so not infectious

Question 34

Which vaccines are given during pregnancy?

Answer 34

→tetanus in late pregnancy
→high titres of maternal IgG in neonate

→flu

Question 35

How does neonatal tetanus work?

Answer 35

→Abs are endocytosed

→The endosome pH is lower so binds to receptor inside

→Once in foetus, the pH is high so Ab detach

Question 36

What type of vaccine is TB?

Answer 36

→live attenuated vaccine

Question 37

Describe Mantoux test

Answer 37

→Purified protein derivative
→injected intradermally and measured after 72h
→If you have TB, or had it in the past, memory T cells will be reactivated by tuberculin peptides presented by antigen presenting cells

→These secrete cytokines which recruit white blood cells producing a local inflammatory response giving a hard red bump on the skin

Question 38

Why is the chicken pox vaccine not given?

Answer 38

→While chickenpox during childhood is unpleasant, the vast majority of children recover quickly and easily.

→In adults,chickenpox is more severeand therisk of complications increases with age