SP Flashcards
Define pneumonia related consolidation
Consolidation is the hardening of an area fo lung due to build up of fluid
What are the three types of pneumonia?
- Lobar pneumonia
- Bronchopneumonia
- Atypical pneumonia
What is lobar pneumonia and what are its stages?
Lobar pneumonia refers to inflammation of large part/ or entire lobe of a lung.
It has 4 stages:
- Congestion : fluid begins to build up within alveoli
- Red hepatisation: RBCs and neutrophils also in fluid
- Grey hepatisation: RBCs and neutrophils replaced by macrophages and fibrin
- Resolution: gradual return back to normal
Which type of pneumonia is the most common?
bronchopneumonia
What is bronchopneumonia developed from?
Bronchitis or bronchiolitis spreading to alveoli
Case: the pathology of infected lungs show bilateral, grey/red dots of consolidation and microscopically, acute inflammatory infiltrate in bronchioles + alveoli.
Which lung disease could this be associated with?
a) Tuberculosis
b) Atypical pneumonia
c) Bronchopneumonia
d) Lobar pneumonia
e) Bronchitis
c) Bronchopneumonia
What is Atypical pneumonia?
Inflammation restricted to alveolar septa and interstitial tissues.
There is no alveolar exudate
How can you determine the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis microscopically?
- Ziehl-Neelsen test = stained red = positive
- Granulomas with caseous necrosis, surrounded by immune cells
- Characteristic changes due to type IV sensitivity
- growth on Lowenstien-Jenson slope = rough buff and tough colonies
Which vaccine is given to prevent TB?
BCG vaccine
contains a live, attenuated form of M. bovis bacterium
What is Miliary TB?
The spread of seed-like foci consisting of granulomas to other organs of the body eg meninges, liver etc
What is emphysema?
Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive airway disease that is as a result of the breakdown of elastin in alveolar walls resulting in no recoil of the walls = permanent dilation
What is bronchiectasis?
Permanent dilation of bronchus and bronchioles with necrosis of their walls
airways become filled with foul smelling pus
Which chronic obstructive airway disease results in hypoxia, hypercapnia and cyanosis?
a) chronic bronchitis
b) emphysema
c) bronchial asthma
d) bronchiectasis
a) chronic bronchitis
What is occupational lung disease?
disease caused by inhalation of dust particles, mineral or organic substances over a long period of time.
