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Year 2 > IM > Flashcards

IM Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference in lymphoid and myeloid stem cells?

A

lymphoid: B and T cells
myeloid: basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, erythrocytes, platelets

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2
Q

define an antigen

A

any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody

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3
Q

define an immunogen

A

any molecule that can induce an immune response

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4
Q

define an antigenic determinant

A

the smallest unit of an antigen to which an antibody can be made or a T cell can respond to.

they cannot induce an immune response by themselves and need to be covalently attached to a carrier molecule in order to induce antibodies.

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5
Q

define receptor

A

a molecule/complex of molecules which possess at least one recognition site. it binds to a determinant

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6
Q

define specificity

A

the ability for a receptor to distinguish the identity of a determinant from other determinants

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7
Q

which cell type is not part of the innate immune response?

a) Natural Killer cells
b) Macrophages
c) Dendrites
d) B cells
e) Mast cells

A

d) B cells

they are part of he adaptive immune response along with T cells

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8
Q

which molecule is not part of the innate immunity?

a) Lysozymes
b) Complement
c) Chemokines
d) Antibody
e) Cytokines

A

d) Antibody

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9
Q

what is the role of a complement molecule in the immune response?

A

to recruit inflammatory cells
opsonisation of pathogens
killing of pathogens

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10
Q

which cell initiates adaptive immunity?

A

dendritic cell

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11
Q

what activates T cells?

A

antigen and co-stimulatory molecules on a dendritic cell/macrophage

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12
Q

define clonal expansion

A

the process by which lymphocytes, with a specific receptor, differentiate and proliferate once encountering an antigen. All daughter lymphocytes have the same receptor

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13
Q

where do lymphocytes with varying receptor types form?

A

thymus and bone marrow

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14
Q

what is clonal deletion?

A

the process by which lymphocytes are deactivated if they have receptors for self-antigens

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15
Q

within a lymph node, where to T cells predominantly reside?

a) primary lymphoid follicle
b) paracortical areas
c) medullary cords
d) germinal centre
e) medullary sinus

A

b) paracortical areas

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16
Q

within a lymph node, where to macrophages and plasma cells reside?

a) primary lymphoid follicle
b) paracortical areas
c) medullary cords
d) germinal centre
e) medullary sinus

A

c) medullary cords

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17
Q

within a lymph node, where to B cells predominantly reside?

a) primary lymphoid follicle
b) paracortical areas
c) medullary cords
d) germinal centre
e) medullary sinus

A

a) primary lymphoid follicle

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18
Q

what is the Waldeyer’s ring?

A

collection of adenoids, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils

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19
Q

what are M cells?

A

specialised cells found on Peyer’s patches. they take up an antigen and lead to the activation of T cells

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20
Q

what are leukotrienes?

A 
lipid mediators of inflammation
produced by macrophages and mast cells
cause smooth muscle contraction
increased permeability
mucosal secretion stimulation
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21
Q

which cell types produce interferons?

A

leukocytes - antiviral
fibroblasts - antiviral
T cells and NK cells - macrophage activation

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22
Q

which receptor type do viruses use to enter cells?

A

chemokine receptors

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23
Q

what are chemokines?

A

small chemo-attractant molecules that stimulate the migration and activation of a cell

24
Q

what is the action of T helper cells?

A

coordinate the immune response by direct cell-cell interactions and release of cytokines which aid B cells in antibody production

25
Q

Define atopy

A

Atopy is the genetic tendency to overproduce IgE antibodies, likely to present as allergies eg asthma.

26
Q

What are the five types of hypersensitivity?

A

Type I: immediate - IgE mediated

Type II: Cytotoxic , antibody dependent - IgM or IgG mediated

Type III; Immune complex driven - IgG, neutrophils mediated

Type IV: Delayed, antibody independent (memory cells) - T cell and APC mediated

Type V: stimulatory

27
Q

Which IgE-mediated allergic reaction produces the response of oedema and irritation of nasal mucosa?

a) Systemic anaphylaxis
b) Acute urticaria
c) Allergic rhinitis
d) Asthma
e) Food allergy

A

c) Allergic rhinitis

28
Q

Which IgE-mediated allergic reaction produces the response of bronchial constriction, increased mucous production and airway inflammation?

a) Systemic anaphylaxis
b) Acute urticaria
c) Allergic rhinitis
d) Asthma
e) Food allergy

A

d) Asthma

29
Q

Which IgE-mediated allergic reaction is produced as a result of the allergens animal hair, insect bites?

a) Systemic anaphylaxis
b) Acute urticaria
c) Allergic rhinitis
d) Asthma
e) Food allergy

A

b) Acute urticaria

30
Q

Which IgE-mediated allergic reaction is produced as a result of drugs, peanuts, venoms?

a) Systemic anaphylaxis
b) Acute urticaria
c) Allergic rhinitis
d) Asthma
e) Food allergy

A

a) Systemic anaphylaxis

31
Q

True or False?

Only lipids induce T-cell responses

A

FALSE

only PROTEINS induce t cell responses

32
Q

List the molecules released by mast cells upon activation and briefly list their function

A
  • ENZYMES: remodelling of connective tissue matrix
  • TOXIC MEDIATORS (eg histamine) : toxic to parasites + increases vascular permeability + sm contraction
  • CYTOKINES
    - IL4, IL13: stimulate + amplify Th2 response
    - IL3,IL5,GM-CSF: promote production and activation of eosinophils
    - TNF-alpha: promote inflammation, cytokine production and endothelium activation

-CHEMOKINES: attracts monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils

  • LIPID MEDIATORS:
    - leukotrienes: sm contraction + increases vascular permeability + mucus secretions
    - Platelet-activating factor: attracts leukocytes, activates neutrophils, eosinophils, platelets
33
Q

Which molecule causes activation and production of eosinophils by bone marrow?

a) Enzymes
b) Histamine
c) IL- 4, IL-13
d) IL-3, IL-5, GM-CSF
e) leukotrienes C4, D4, E4

A

d) IL-3, IL-5, GM-CSF

34
Q

Which molecules stimulate and amplify Th2 cell response?

a) Enzymes
b) Histamine
c) IL- 4, IL-13
d) IL-3, IL-5, GM-CSF
e) leukotrienes C4, D4, E4

A

c) IL- 4, IL-13

35
Q

Which hypersensitivity type is antiboody indepenedant?

a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) 5

A

d) 4

36
Q

What is the name given to the process by which self-destructive immune cells are destroyed in the primary lymphoid centres?

A

tolerance

37
Q

What is grave’s disease?

A

Autoimmune disease resulting from type II (V) hypersensitivity resulting in antibodies acting against the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor

38
Q

What is Rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Autoimmune disease resulting from type IV hypersensitivity where auto-reactive T cells act against antigens of joint synovium

39
Q

What is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

A

Autoimmune disease due to type IV hypersensitivity whereby antibodies and auto-reactive T cells act against thyroid antigens

40
Q

What is systemic lupus erythematosus?

A

Autoimmune disease resulting from type IV hypersensitivity.

autoantibodies and auto-reactive T cells act against DNA

41
Q

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Autoimmune disease resulting from type II hypersensitivity whereby antibodies block Ach receptor binding sites.

42
Q

What is hemolytic anaemia?

A

Autoimmune disease due to type II hypersensitivity whereby RBC are destroyed by complement and Fcr phagocytosis resulting in anaemia.

43
Q

What is recurrent Apthous Stomatitis?

A

Autoimmune disease causing oral ulcerations.

cytoxic T cells and circulating T cells all sensitised to oral mucosal antigens

44
Q

What is Cicatricial pemphigoid

A

Chronic autoimmune disease whereby autoantibodies and complement deposit on basement membranes of mucous membranes

45
Q

What is pemphigus vulgaris ?

A

autoimmune disease causing painful blisters on skin, lining of mouth, nose, throat, genitals

46
Q

What is rheumaitic fever?

A

autoimmune disease = inflammatory lesions of the joint, heart, CNS and subcutaneous tissue.

the patients B and T cells are unable to differentiate between hosts own cells and pathogenic cells

47
Q

Which tonsils make up Waldeyer’s ring?

A
  • palatine tonsils
  • lingual tonsils
  • tubal tonsils
  • adenoids (pharyngeal)
48
Q

Which component makes the mucus layer in the mouth viscous?

A

mucin glycoproteins produced by goblet cells

49
Q

Which cell produces antimicrobial peptides, lectins and cytokines in the oral cavity?

a) goblet cells
b) cilia cells
c) paneth cells
d) epithelial cells

A

c) paneth cells

50
Q

What are the physical barrier components in the oral cavity?

A
  • ADHERENT MUCIN LAYER
    slippery, sticky gel allowing transit of nutrients but not bacterial toxins and products secreted from salivary glands. Traps bacteria, prolonging exposure to host antibacterial substances.
  • DESQUAMATION
    shedding of cells. rate related to microbial burden
  • EPITHELIAL ANTIBODY RECEPTORS
    secretory component receptors found on buccal epithelium anchoring S-IgA/bacterial complexes which are then shed with the cells.
51
Q

What is acquired enamel pellicle?

A

an acellular organic film formed from the selective adsorption of proteins derived from oral fluids onto the tooth surface.

proteins include lysozyme, IgG, glucosyltransferase, amylases etc.

it acts as a diffusional barrier, protecting the enamel from acid exposures of short durations

52
Q

If a sample of living tissue shows the presence of neutrophils, what does it suggest about its health?

A

Neutrophils are not found in normal healthy tissue, therefore if found, it suggests disease.

53
Q

What are the three types of dendritic cells?

A
  • Langerhans cells
  • Interdigitating cells
  • Follicular dendritic cells
54
Q

Which type of dendritic cell presents un-modified antigens to B cells in lymph nodes?

A

-follicular dendritic ells

55
Q

Which statement is incorrect?

a) all antigens except peptides must be processed into peptides before they can be presented y MHC molecules
b) class II MHC molecules are found only on antigen presenting cells
c) class I MHC molecules are involved in the cell-to-cell interaction between an infected cell and a CD8+ type cell
d) exogenous antigens are synthesised within the antigen presenting cells where they bind to class I MHC molecules
e) class I MHC are found on all nucleated cells

A

d) exogenous antigens are synthesised within the antigen presenting cells where they bind to class I MHC molecules

ENDOGENOUS antigens are synthesised within the APC

exogenous are endocytosed (phagocytosis) by APCs and presented by class II MHC

Year 2 (10 decks)

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