Southeast Asia/Oceania Flashcards
Southeast Asia Info
4 m Km2 - smallest
42% urbanized
633 million population
SE Asia Climate
Tropical, Subtropical
Monsoons prevalent
Intertropical Convergence Zone
Near equator where north/south trade winds coverage, resulting in solar heating and tropical thunderstorms
Keys: differential air pressure, rotation of earth
Tropical Storms
Warm ocean waters in Aug-Oct
Typhoon ( West Pacific), Cyclones (Indian)
Typhoon Haiyan
Strongest ever recorded
Hit Philippines in 2013
>6000 deaths
Water in SE Asia
Heavy daily rains, plus tropical heat = lush vegetation, rainforest
Borneo
Southern 2/3’s are Indonesia, Top is Malaysia with Brunei
SE Asia Tectonics
Meeting of Eurasian, Philippine Plate, Pacific Plate, Australian Plate
Volcanoes: Pinatubo (Philippines), Krakton, Tambora (Indonesia)
Earthquakes: Bahol, Luzon, Bandu Aceh
Typhoon: Haiyas
Vegetation
Tropical Evergreen forests vs Deciduous (monsoon) seasonal forests vs Coastal Mangroves
Wallace’s Line
Last ice age, land bridges connected the Islands except for split on the line
Created 2 distinct ecoregion with very different species
SE Asia Ancient Civilizations
Local tribes headed by chiefs
2000 ya, trade with Chinese and Indian civilizations
Brought new forms of social structure, religion, agriculture and technology
Consolidation of local tribes into organized empires
SE Asia 2 Dominant Kingdoms
Mainland: Khmer Empire (Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos) - Angkor Wat (12th C) religious centre Maritime: Srivijaya (Indonesia, Sumatra) - (600-1400AD) -Borobuder (Java) Buddhist Temple
Buddhist Kingdoms
Thai, Burmese and other Buddhist empires succeeded Khmer Empire on Mainland
Sultans
Maritime fell under the control of Sultans (Arabic term for person in power of territory) (Sultanate)
Colonialism in SE Asia
Began with Mercantile trade 1500-1800
Industrial economy 1800-WWII
Thailand remained independent
Japanese Imperialism
War with China in 1930s and WWII 1940s, expanded empire throughout region
Occupation during WWII led to calls for independence
SE Asia Regional Conflict
Indo-China decolonization conflict and manifestation of the Cold War
The Vietnam War
Cambodia (Khmer Rouge) Pol Pot and killing fields
SE Asia Religion
- Islam - 36%, mainly Indonesia, some in Burma
- Buddhism - 27%, largest in mainland
- Christianity - 23%, Philippines
- Some Animism
SE Asia Agriculture
Dependent on it
>40% employed in Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam
>70% in Cambodia, Laos
Rice, sugar, spices, plantation (rubber, tea, coffee)
SE Asia Manufacturing
Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines and Indonesia Educated labour and low wages Export processing zones Trans-National Corporations Little Tigers
SE Asia Population Migration
Rural to urban
Result of conflict
Resettlement programs - ex Indonesian transmigration
International
Rohingya Refugees
Minority Muslim group in Myanmar persecuted by Buddhist groups and the military
Houses, villages burned
SE Asia Urbanization
Textile based
Industrialization and urban growth
Oceania Info
20,000 small islands
8.8m km2 (7th largest)
39 m pop (Smallest)
66% Urbanized
Antarctica
Research stations only
World’s largest desert
-60 to 0*C
Mountains beneath ice (Transantarctic, Mt Vinson)
Antarctic Ice Sheets
EAIS - thicker (10,000’), covers mountain ranges
WAIS - rests on sea floor (ice shelves)
Getting smaller overall
Sea levels would rise 60m if they melted
Antarctic Claims
Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, UK, US
Australia Climate
Mostly desert (drought prone)
Typically 3-4 cyclones/year, mainly Northeast
Coasts more temperate, tropical north
New Zealand Climate
Varies N-S and E-W
Rain shadow effect
Pacific Island Climate
Hot and humid
Volcanic have rain, coral atolls don’t
Oceania Physiography
Little tectonic activity in AUS, NZ (mountainous) moderately active as its on a plate boundary
Oceania First Inhabitants
40,000 ya via land bridges connecting AUS (Aborigines) and Tasmania w/ SE Asia
Dispersed to Pacific Islands 4000ya
Location Isolation = distinct cultures
Polynesians
Lot’s of similarities with South Americans
Thor Heyerdahl thought they came from East (disproven)
Oceania Exploration
1600’s, Tasmania (1640), Captain Cook in 1770’s
AUS became British penal colony, later became pardoned
Initially agriculture, discovered gold and other minerals
Pacific Island Colonialism
Spanish, French, British colonies established as Economic bases (supply point and whaling) and to convert indigenous to Christianity
Mostly plantation agriculture
Oceania Independence
AUS (1901), NZ (1907)
WWII many islands under Japanese control then American
Some independent in 1960’s, 70’s, others remain colonies of AUS/NZ
Oceania Demography
Sparsely populated, clustered along coasts
Very strict immigration until 1970’s
Aboriginals significant part of culture
Oceania Economic Development
Same as West
Agriculture -> Mining
Import substitution had little success
77% and 75% employed in services
Oceania Economics
Major Trade deficits
Tourism major industry
Employment; but degrades environment, labour and culture exploits
Oceania Urbanization
Australia (89%) and New Zealand (86%)
Islands only 34%, PPNG (12%) least in world
