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Abi History 2016 > South Africa > Flashcards

South Africa Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the result of WWII, specifically concerning the Holocaust?

A

The United Nations Organisation

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2
Q

What was the goal of the UN?

A

To prevent wars

To enforce Human Rights

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3
Q

What happened at the Geneva Convention?

A

International human rights were drawn up, particularly concerning prisoners

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4
Q

What is the UDHR?

A

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

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5
Q

What was apartheid?

A

A system of government that took racial beliefs and turned them into legislation. It was present in South Africa. It caused segregation between black and white South Africans. Favour was given to whites and discrimination against blacks existed.

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6
Q

What was the main cause of Apartheid?

A

Racial superiority

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8
Q

What did Apartheid ideology say?

A

That light-skinned people are superior to dark-skinned people

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9
Q

Why was Apartheid introduced?

A

To maintain the strength of the white people

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10
Q

Why did Europeans feel that they were superior?

A

They had more technology

They used the Africans as slaves

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10
Q

What is segregation?

A

Separation

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11
Q

What does legislation mean?

A

Law

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12
Q

What happened to SA in 1910?

A

Became a Union
Used to be a British colony
Four provinces were established

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13
Q

What were the four provinces in 1910?

A 
Afrikaans:
Transvaal
Orange Free State
English:
Natal
Cape
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14
Q

What was the Natives Land Act of 1913?

A

It put apart separate pieces of land for black people
They were called black reserves
Whites got most of the land

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15
Q

What happened to SA in 1912?

A

Formation of S.A.N.NC

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16
Q

What percentage of South Africa was white?

A

20%

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17
Q

What happened to SA in 1913?

A

Land Act

13% of the land was given to Black people

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18
Q

How much of the land did black people have before the Land Act?

A

7%

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19
Q

What happened to SA in 1914-1918?

A

WWI
SA participated on the side of Britain
Even sent black soldiers
S.A.N.N.C sent a representative to the ToV

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20
Q

What happened to SA in the 1920’s?

A 
Government parties came into power:
United Party (run by Jan Smuts)
National Party (run by Hertzog)
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20
Q

What happened to SA in 1939-1945?

A 
WWII
SA was involved on the side of Britain
Many Afrikaaners agreed with Hitler
Human Rights began to be recognised
South Africa ignored these
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22
Q

What happened in South Africa in 1948?

A

The National Party came into power and instituted Apartheid

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24
Q

Were other non-white people discriminated against?

A

Yes, but not as badly as Black South Africans

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25
Q

Who was the leader of the National Party?

A

D.F. Malan

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26
Q

How long was the National Party in power?

A

1948-1994

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27
Q

How was the name Soweto made?

A

SOuth
WEstern
TOwnship

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28
Q

How were coloured people treated?

A

They were treated slightly better than blacks, because they spoke Afrikaans

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29
Q

How were Indian people treated?

A

They were treated even better than the coloureds, because they were a minority (less of a threat) and they were good businessmen

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30
Q

What was the apartheid system built on?

A

Racism

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31
Q

What is race?

A

Skin colour caused by ethnicity

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32
Q

How do racists classify people?

A

By skin colour

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33
Q

What is racism?

A

The false idea that some groups of people are better than others, because of the colour of their skin

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34
Q

Where did all humans descend from?

A

Africa

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34
Q

What do racists believe?

A

That it is okay to exclude people because of their race

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36
Q

Is behaviour inherited?

A

No, it is learned

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37
Q

What caused the cruel behaviour in South Africa?

A

The theory of one race being superior to another

The disregard of human rights

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38
Q

How were people classified under Apartheid?

A

Whites

Non-whites

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39
Q

How were non-whites classified?

A

Native/Bantu (black)
Coloured
Indian

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40
Q

Who were coloured people?

A

People who had both European and Bantu ancestry

They were neither white nor black

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41
Q

How were blacks discriminated against in terms of jobs?

A

White people got paid more
They were favoured
Whites were given more skilled jobs

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42
Q

What was a dompas?

A

Documentation that all African males had to carry around with them

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43
Q

What did the dompas do?

A

It controlled where blacks could be

And how long they could be there

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44
Q

What happened if you didn’t have a dompas?

A

A policeman could ask for your pass whenever he wanted

He could arrest you if you didn’t have it

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45
Q

What was the government of Apartheid like?

A

White only

Governed by the National Party

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46
Q

What did the 148 laws passed by the National Party aim to do?

A

Increase the power and living standards of whites
Increase racial segregation
Control the movement of black people

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47
Q

What were the eight main Apartheid laws?

A 
Separate Amenities Act
Suppression of Communism Act and the Terrorism Act
Bantu Education Act
Bantu Self Government Act
Population Registration Act
Passes Act
Group Areas Act
Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act and the Immorality Act
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48
Q

What did this act do:

Separate Amenities Act?

A

Beaches, parks, toilets and nearly all public amenities were segregated.
Whites were allowed to use the best facilities

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49
Q

What did this act do:

The Suppression of Communism Act and the Terrorism Act?

A

Banned any political organisation that the National Party did not like. They were labelled communists or terrorists. Many people were arrested, detained and tortured without trial.

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50
Q

What did this act do:

Bantu Education Act?

A

Black children received an inferior education

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51
Q

What did this act do:

Bantu Self Government Act?

A

This set up a system of ‘homelands’ or Bantustans for Africans.

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52
Q

What did this act do:

Population Registration Act?

A

Classified South Africans into racial groups.

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53
Q

What did this act do:

Passes Act?

A

African men had to carry reference books, which controlled their movement between urban and rural areas.

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54
Q

What did this act do:

Group Areas Act?

A

Special areas were set aside as residential and business areas for races. Many people were forced to move to these areas.

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55
Q

What did this act do:

Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act and the Immorality Act?

A

Forbade marriages between blacks and whites

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56
Q

Who was the Prime Minister in the 1960s?

A

H F Verwoerd

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57
Q

What were the Bantustans?

A

The reserves created in 1913 were made into ten separate homelands. They were called Bantustans

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58
Q

How were the people classified into Bantustans?

A

By the language that they spoke

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59
Q

Why were the Bantustans created?

A

To allow black South Africans to vote for their own leaders. The Bantustans were supposedly independent countries, but they were not internationally recognised

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60
Q

What did H F Verwoerd aim to achieve through the Bantustans?

A

He wanted to show the world that South Africa was a democratic country, but whites and blacks were still separated

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61
Q

What were the ten Bantustans?

A 
Venda
Ciskei
Bophuthatswana
Transkei
Gazankulu
KwaZulu
KaNgwane
Lebowa
KwaNdebele
Qwa Qwa
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62
Q

How did the Bantustans influence ordinary people?

A

It forced many people to move

There were many forced removals

63
Q

What were the Bantustans like?

A

They were poverty stricken

Had almost no facilities

64
Q

How did Bantustans further divide the people?

A

Men had to leave to try and find work

Many people were separated from their families

65
Q

How was Apartheid resisted in the 1950s?

A

Passively

66
Q

What was the PAC?

A

Pan-Africanist Congress

67
Q

How was the PAC formed?

A

Africanists broke away from the ANC

68
Q

Who was the first president of the PAC?

A

Robert Sobukwe

69
Q

What did the PAC believe?

A

That the struggle against Apartheid was only for Africans

They did not want to work with white people

70
Q

Why did the PAC believe this?

A

They thought that white people had too much to lose to be reliable allies

71
Q

What were the colours of the ANC and PAC?

A

Black
Green
Gold

72
Q

What did the colours represent?

A

Green- vitality of Africa
Yellow- wealth
Black- the colour of its people

73
Q

How do we know that Robert Sobukwe was educated?

A

He studied at Fort Hare University
He became a lecturer
He became a teacher

74
Q

What were the demonstrations at Sharpeville about?

A

The dompas

75
Q

What does dompas mean?

A

Stupid pass

76
Q

What was the purpose of the dompas?

A

To show that Africans were temporary travellers in white South Africa

77
Q

Who was the main organiser of the Sharpeville demonstrations?

A

The PAC

78
Q

What was the plan for Sharpeville demonstrations?

A

Demonstrators would burn their pass books, or leave them at home
They would present themselves for arrest
They would flood the jails and disable the pass book system

79
Q

What actually happened at Sharpeville?

A

The police spooked at the large crowd and opened fire

80
Q

What injuries were caused by the Sharpeville massacre?

A

69 dead
180 wounded
Most were shot in the back as they tried to run away

81
Q

Were the crowds at Sharpeville armed?

A

The police say yes, the journalists say no. There is also a lot of controversy as to the number of protestors. The crowd allegedly threw stones

82
Q

Was the Sharpeville protest supposed to be violent?

A

No

83
Q

Who was Philip Kgosana?

A

A PAC member from Pretoria

84
Q

Why was the Langa march organised?

A

To try and counteract police brutality

85
Q

What caused the police brutality?

A

Tension after Sharpeville
Caused a strike
Police tried to force people to work

86
Q

How did the Langa march happen?

A 
30000 people led by Philip Kgosana
Well controlled 
Kgosana spoke to the police chief
Asked for an audience with the Minister of Justice
Kgosana sent the crowd home
87
Q

What was the result of the Langa march?

A

Kgosana was tricked
He was arrested
He fled into exile when let out on bail

88
Q

What were the short term consequences of the Sharpeville and Langa demonstrations?

A 
Repression increased and caused a state of emergency
International pressure
The arrest of Robert Sobukwe
Unlawful Organisation Act
Violent protests
89
Q

What was the international pressure?

A

The media around the world got hold of information about what was happening in South Africa

90
Q

What did the international pressure cause?

A

A worldwide boycott

91
Q

What was the Unlawful Organisations Act?

A

It banned the ANC and PAC

92
Q

What was the result of the Unlawful Organisations Act?

A

Many party leaders fled into exile

93
Q

What happened when Robert Sobukwe got arrested?

A

He served his sentence

A new clause was created to keep him in jail

94
Q

What clause kept Robert Sobukwe in jail?

A

The Sobukwe Clause

95
Q

How did the resistance turn to violence?

A

The ANC and PAC created armed wings

96
Q

How did the armed wings of the PAC and ANC become armed?

A

They went to other countries and got training

97
Q

Which racial group got better facilities?

A

Whites

97
Q

How was Apartheid different from racism?

A

It now became a part of South Africa’s legislation

97
Q

Who did the Apartheid system suppress the most?

A

The black people

98
Q

What was the armed wing of the ANC called?

A

Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK)

99
Q

What does Umkhonto we Sizwe mean?

A

Spear of the nation

100
Q

What was the armed wing of the PAC called?

A

POQO

101
Q

What did MK do?

A

They targeted non-human targets

102
Q

Where was Nelson Mandela at this point?

A

He was part of MK

103
Q

What did POQO do?

A

They didn’t bother to avoid loss of life

They were much more radical than MK

104
Q

What happened to leaders of the PAC?

A

They were:
Hanged
Exiled
Arrested

105
Q

Why were the leaders of the PAC more persecuted?

A

POQO was more of a threat than MK

106
Q

What effect did the persecution of the PAC leaders have on the organisation?

A

It was weakened

107
Q

What were the long term consequences of the Langa and Sharpeville demonstrations?

A

General Law Amendment Act
Arrest of MK leaders
The Rivonia Trial

108
Q

What was the General Law Amendment Act?

A

It was a law which allowed the government to detain people for 90 days without charging them and without allowing them to get a lawyer.
They were often placed in solitary confinement.
The police could re-arrest them after the 90 days were up.

109
Q

Where were the secret headquarters of MK?

A

At Liliesleaf Farm

110
Q

How were the leaders of MK arrested?

A

Liliesleaf farm was raided by the police and the leaders were found there

111
Q

What was the Rivonia trial?

A

It was when Nelson Mandela, along with the leaders arrested at Liliesleaf, were tried and charged

112
Q

What did Nelson Mandela do at the Rivonia Trial?

A

When he was due to defend himself, he made a statement. It was four hours long. He was trained as a lawyer.

113
Q

What were the results of the Rivonia Trial?

A

Eight out of eleven people were sentenced to life imprisonment, mostly on Robben Island. Three were released and fled the country.

114
Q

Who was Steve Biko?

A

He started the BC

115
Q

What was the BC?

A

The Black Consciousness movement

116
Q

What was the idea behind the Black Consciousness movement?

A

That black people would psychologically strengthen themselves

117
Q

What happened to Steve Biko?

A

He was banned

118
Q

What did it mean to be banned?

A

He could only speak to one person at a time

No one could acknowledge his existence

119
Q

What was the Soweto uprising about?

A

Afrikaans as the medium of instruction in schools

120
Q

Who led the Soweto uprising?

A

Students

121
Q

What was the long term cause of the Soweto uprising?

A

The Bantu Education Act

122
Q

What was Radio Freedom?

A

A shortwave broadcast operating from Tanzania

It spread the ideas of the ANC

123
Q

What influence did other countries have on South Africa in 1973 and 1974?

A

Angola and Mozambique won their independence

It gave South Africans hope

124
Q

Who was Teboho Mashinini?

A

He was the leader of the SSRC

125
Q

What was Mashinini’s nickname?

A

Tsietsi

126
Q

What does Tsietsi mean?

A

Trouble in Sesotho

127
Q

How did Tsietsi become the leader of the SSRC?

A

His political views were influenced by one of his teachers
He was a passionate leader
He was the chairperson of his debating team

128
Q

What was the SSRC?

A

Soweto Students Representative Council

129
Q

How did the SSRC come to be?

A

500 students met in a Community Hall

They decided to organise a march

130
Q

What happened to Teboho after the March?

A

He was harassed by the police, so he fled into exile in Botswana

131
Q

What did the BCM do?

A

Told black people to realise their human dignity and self worth
Teach people to believe in their blackness

132
Q

What did the BCM believe would change Apartheid?

A

Psychological belief

133
Q

Who was part of the BCM?

A

Anyone who was oppressed by the Apartheid system

Coloureds, Natives, Indians

134
Q

Where did the BCM begin?

A

In universities

135
Q

How did BCM spread?

A

Biko set up self-help clinics

He started SASO

136
Q

What was SASO?

A

The South African Student Organisation

Included all races

137
Q

How did Biko learn of politics?

A

His brother was arrested for being a supposed member of the PAC

138
Q

Why did political parties support the BCM?

A

It was a movement, not an organisation

139
Q

What did Bantu Education tell black people?

A

They were only fit for unskilled labour
They were only given the most basic education
The white students got more facilities, better teachers and better investment

140
Q

Why did Afrikaans cause the Soweto uprising?

A

It was made the medium of instruction

It was difficult for teachers and students to learn

141
Q

What day did the Soweto Riots take place on?

A

16 June 1976

Became youth day

142
Q

What was the Soweto march like?

A

They marched towards Orlando Soccer Stadium
Holding placards
The crowd grew as it went along

143
Q

What happened at the Soweto Riots?

A

The police opened fire on the school children

144
Q

How did the world hear of the Soweto Riots?

A

A famous photograph of Hector Pieterson
He was shot and killed
It became an iconic picture

145
Q

Who was the first person to die at the Soweto Uprising?

A

Hastings Ndlovu

146
Q

Who was the leader of the underground PAC in Soweto?

A

Zephaniah Mothopeng

147
Q

What happened soon after the Soweto Riots?

A

More townships rebelled

147
Q

What happened on 6 July 1976?

A

The Afrikaans as the Medium of instruction Act was repealed

147
Q

What is a water shed moment?

A

An event that changes history

147
Q

How did the government react to the riots?

A

More repression
More military force
More power given to the Minister of Justice
Publications were banned

148
Q

What happened to Steve Biko?

A

He was tortured to death

He became known as a martyr

Abi History 2016 (8 decks)

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