Sources of Motivation Flashcards
Motivation
Conscious or unconscious force guiding behaviours individuals initiate, direct and maintain
Motive
Desire behind goal-directed behaviour
Types of Motives
Physiological: Necessary for survival, motivates most human behaviour
Cognitions: Intellectual challenges sought after for intrinsic satisfaction they bring (beliefs, goals)
Emotions: Can stem from trying to avoid pain to seek happiness (panic, fear, anger)
Social: Human inclination to be in the company of others compels individuals to cultivate social relationships (social influence, social comparison)
Self-Determination Theory
People are intrinsically motivated by things that satisfy their basic psychological needs.
- For relatedness: Need to have affectionate relationships and a sense of belonging with others
- For competence: Need to effectively deal with one’s surrounding environment, belief in one’s ability
- For autonomy: Need to feel independent, sense of control over behaviour and destiny
Forms of Motivation (SDT)
Amotivation
Extrinsic Motivation
- External regulation
- Introjected regulation
- Identified regulation
- Integrated regulation
Intrinsic Motivation
Amotivation
No sense of intention
Extrinsic Motivation
Stems from a desire for external rewards
External regulation
Intention only to receive rewards or avoid punishments
Introjected regulation
External regulation that has been internalised i.e. doing things out of shame
Identified regulation
Conscious valuing of a personal goal or endorsement of behaviour, person identifies with action or values (e.g. student is academic as getting into college is important to him)
Integrated regulation
Action performed out of values and enjoyment but for some personal gain rather than enjoyment of activity itself
Intrinsic Motivation
When the behaviour itself is what is enjoyed
Hedonic Balance
Equilibrium of pain and pleasure in life
Deficiency Needs (Maslow)
Lower-order
Important for survival
Once a need is satisfied it ceases as a motivator. Motivation decreases as each deficiency need is met
Physiological -> Safety -> Belongingness and Love -> Esteem
Growth Needs (Maslow)
Higher-order
Once met, acts as the motivator for the people to continue fulfilling them. Motivation increases as each growth need is met.
Cognitive, aesthetic, self-actualisation, transcendence (helping others to self-actualise)
Self-Actualisation
The ultimate state of being that all humans are trying to obtain
State fulfilling your potential, with an emphasis on creativity
Concerned with problems outside themselves
No prejudice
Self-accepting of imperfections
Subjective Wellbeing Model
Mixture of positive and negative measures and overall emotional (affect) and cognitive (life satisfaction) assessment of life that is personal to the individual.
Frequent positive affect
Infrequent negative affect
Eudemonic wellbeing (general life-satisfaction)
Affect
Experience and outward expression of emotions. Feelings and emotions that individuals encounter comprise emotional aspect of wellbeing
Life Satisfaction
Comprehensive evaluation an individual makes of their lives and personal experiences (goals, values, expectations)
Constitute the cognitive dimension of wellbeing
Ryff Inventory
Either 84 questions (long-form) or 54 questions (medium-form), short-form exists but is statistically unreliable
Respondents rate statements on a scale of 1 (strong disagreement) to 6 that reflect six areas of psychological wellbeing
6 Areas of Psychological Wellbeing (Six-Factor Model of Wellbeing)
Autonomy
Environmental Mastery
Personal Growth
Positive Relations with Others
Purpose in Life
Self-Acceptance
Autonomy
Sense of independence, self-determination and the ability to make choices in alignment with one’s values and interests
Environmental Mastery
Individual’s ability to effectively manage and adapt to external environment, including challenges
Personal Growth
Individual’s commitment to continuous learning, development and the pursuit of one’s full potential
Positive Relations with Others
Quality of an individual’s social connections, including empathy and compassion
Purpose in Life
Having a sense of direction, goals, and a feeling that one’s life is meaningful and purposeful
Self-Acceptance
Having a positive attitude and acceptance toward oneself, acknowledging one’s strengths and weaknesses without judgment.
