Sources of Motivation

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

Conscious or unconscious force guiding behaviours individuals initiate, direct and maintain

Question 2

Motive

Answer 2

Desire behind goal-directed behaviour

Question 3

Types of Motives

Answer 3

Physiological: Necessary for survival, motivates most human behaviour

Cognitions: Intellectual challenges sought after for intrinsic satisfaction they bring (beliefs, goals)

Emotions: Can stem from trying to avoid pain to seek happiness (panic, fear, anger)

Social: Human inclination to be in the company of others compels individuals to cultivate social relationships (social influence, social comparison)

Question 4

Self-Determination Theory

Answer 4

People are intrinsically motivated by things that satisfy their basic psychological needs.

• For relatedness: Need to have affectionate relationships and a sense of belonging with others
• For competence: Need to effectively deal with one’s surrounding environment, belief in one’s ability
• For autonomy: Need to feel independent, sense of control over behaviour and destiny

Question 5

Forms of Motivation (SDT)

Answer 5

Amotivation

Extrinsic Motivation
- External regulation
- Introjected regulation
- Identified regulation
- Integrated regulation

Intrinsic Motivation

Question 6

Amotivation

Answer 6

No sense of intention

Question 7

Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 7

Stems from a desire for external rewards

Question 8

External regulation

Answer 8

Intention only to receive rewards or avoid punishments

Question 9

Introjected regulation

Answer 9

External regulation that has been internalised i.e. doing things out of shame

Question 10

Identified regulation

Answer 10

Conscious valuing of a personal goal or endorsement of behaviour, person identifies with action or values (e.g. student is academic as getting into college is important to him)

Question 11

Integrated regulation

Answer 11

Action performed out of values and enjoyment but for some personal gain rather than enjoyment of activity itself

Question 12

Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 12

When the behaviour itself is what is enjoyed

Question 13

Hedonic Balance

Answer 13

Equilibrium of pain and pleasure in life

Question 14

Deficiency Needs (Maslow)

Answer 14

Lower-order

Important for survival

Once a need is satisfied it ceases as a motivator. Motivation decreases as each deficiency need is met

Physiological -> Safety -> Belongingness and Love -> Esteem

Question 15

Growth Needs (Maslow)

Answer 15

Higher-order

Once met, acts as the motivator for the people to continue fulfilling them. Motivation increases as each growth need is met.

Cognitive, aesthetic, self-actualisation, transcendence (helping others to self-actualise)

Question 15

Self-Actualisation

Answer 15

The ultimate state of being that all humans are trying to obtain

State fulfilling your potential, with an emphasis on creativity

Concerned with problems outside themselves

No prejudice

Self-accepting of imperfections

Question 16

Subjective Wellbeing Model

Answer 16

Mixture of positive and negative measures and overall emotional (affect) and cognitive (life satisfaction) assessment of life that is personal to the individual.

Frequent positive affect
Infrequent negative affect
Eudemonic wellbeing (general life-satisfaction)

Question 17

Affect

Answer 17

Experience and outward expression of emotions. Feelings and emotions that individuals encounter comprise emotional aspect of wellbeing

Question 18

Life Satisfaction

Answer 18

Comprehensive evaluation an individual makes of their lives and personal experiences (goals, values, expectations)

Constitute the cognitive dimension of wellbeing

Question 19

Ryff Inventory

Answer 19

Either 84 questions (long-form) or 54 questions (medium-form), short-form exists but is statistically unreliable

Respondents rate statements on a scale of 1 (strong disagreement) to 6 that reflect six areas of psychological wellbeing

Question 20

6 Areas of Psychological Wellbeing (Six-Factor Model of Wellbeing)

Answer 20

Autonomy

Environmental Mastery

Personal Growth

Positive Relations with Others

Purpose in Life

Self-Acceptance

Question 21

Autonomy

Answer 21

Sense of independence, self-determination and the ability to make choices in alignment with one’s values and interests

Question 22

Environmental Mastery

Answer 22

Individual’s ability to effectively manage and adapt to external environment, including challenges

Question 23

Personal Growth

Answer 23

Individual’s commitment to continuous learning, development and the pursuit of one’s full potential

Question 24

Positive Relations with Others

Answer 24

Quality of an individual’s social connections, including empathy and compassion

Question 25

Purpose in Life

Answer 25

Having a sense of direction, goals, and a feeling that one’s life is meaningful and purposeful

Question 26

Self-Acceptance

Answer 26

Having a positive attitude and acceptance toward oneself, acknowledging one’s strengths and weaknesses without judgment.