Memory: Formation and Attention Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

Physiological process involving sensory receptors detecting stimuli from the 5 senses

Cognition can only occur if info from environment is detected, converted into a message our brain can understand (encoded) and then sent to the brain for processing

Reception -> Transduction -> Transmission

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2
Q

Reception

A

Body’s ability to detect stimuli (changes) in the environment

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3
Q

Transduction

A

Converting stimuli into electrochemical messages

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4
Q

Transmission

A

Sending information to the brain as a transmitting impulse along neurons to the brain for processing

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5
Q

Perception

A

The mental process of organising and interpreting sensory stimuli from the senses to achieve a meaningful form

Selection -> Organisation -> Interpretation

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6
Q

Selection

A

Filtering information to determine what to ignore and what to process further

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7
Q

Organisation

A

Grouping features (visual elements) to make a whole (GESTALT Principles)

Figure and Ground, Closure, Similarity, Proximity

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8
Q

Interpretation

A

Brain interprets wholes and gives them meaning

Affected by past experiences and motivation

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9
Q

Attention

A

Refers to what you are actively processing

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10
Q

Selective (Controlled Processing)

A

Complex task / mastery has not yet been achieved so it requires a high level of awareness and mental effort

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11
Q

Divided (Automatic Processing)

A

Little awareness or mental effort required, usually mastery has been achieved

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12
Q

Procedural (Implicit) Memory

A

Learnt actions and skills, info remembered unconsciously and effortlessly

Stores information on HOW tasks are performedDe

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13
Q

Declarative (Explicit) Memory

A

Facts and rules, info you consciously work to remember

Allows you to DECLARE how things are or what you remember, requires conscious effort for retrieval

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14
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Autobiography

Events experienced by a person

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15
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Encyclopedia

Facts and general knowledge

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16
Q

Atkinson and Shiffrin’s Multi-store Model Date

17
Q

MSM Strength

A

Successful in extreme amount of research it gathered

18
Q

MSM Limitation

A

Model is too oversimplified

19
Q

MSM Emphasis

A

If information is to be stored for a long period of time, it must pass through THREE memory stores:

Sensory Register, STM, LTM

20
Q

Sensory Register

A

Stores and receives sensory info / stimuli from environment for a short period, usually only a few seconds

21
Q

Short-Term Memory

A

Info that has been attended to from Sensory Register remains for a short period.

If rehearsed, encoded to LTM (elaborative rehearsal through producing more meaning of things, maintenance keeps things in STM)

Retrieving same info requires retrieval into consciousness

22
Q

Long Term Memory

A

Relatively permament, >30 seconds to forever

Unlimited capacity and duration

Information moves from STM to LTM through physical changes in neurons and neural networks to make associations and thus storage permanent

23
Q

Working Memory

A

Not a unitary system as propsed in the multi-store model, it is an active multi-component memory system that performs a variety of tasks

Temporarily stores and manipulates limited amount of information needed to perform cognitive tasks

24
Q

Memory Formation Process

A

STM -> Working memory -> Central executive -> Visuospatial sketchpad / Episodic buffer / Phonological loop <- Phonological state / Articulatory control system

25
Central Executive
Responsible for: - Directing attention to relevant information, suppressing irrelevant information - Monitoring, controlling and integrating info / activities from VS, PL, EB and info from LTM - Analysing info from slave systems and LTM
26
Slave System Model Inventors
Baddeley and Hitch
27
Phonological Loop
Stores and processes auditory information and rehearses it silently Articulatory control system (inner voice) Phonological store (inner ear)
28
Visuo-spatial sketchpad
Stores visual and spatial information and constructs and manipulates visual images including details of shape, colour etc
29
Episodic Buffer
Prepares memories for storage in episodic LTM Contains memories of events / episodes in your life Integrated units of visual, spatial and verbal elements through combining info from different systems and LTM
30
MSM vs WMM
MSM: Single-component system, passive process WM: Multi-component system, active process