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Phonation, Breathing and consonants > Sound Waves > Flashcards

Sound Waves Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 types of amplitude

A
  1. Instantaneous Amplitude
  2. Peak Amplitude
  3. Peak to peak amplitude
  4. RMS amplitude
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2
Q

Period (T) is time taken to complete one full cycle of motion T/F

A

True

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3
Q

Wavelength will_______ with and increase in pressure

A

decrease

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4
Q

Give the symbol for speed of sound in air and value

A

c

33 600 cm/s

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5
Q

Define sinusoidal motion / simple harmonic motion

A

Motion represented by a sine wave

It is simple, periodic, continuous oscillations

expressed as a Sine function.

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6
Q

2 parameters for simple harmonic motion

A

Amplitude
Frequency
Phase

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7
Q

Define science

A

Procedural pursuit of knowledge

that is evidence based

and is based on observations, investigations, theoretical explanations and experimentation.

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8
Q

Is speech and hearing a science? Why?

A

Yes - pursuit of knowledge, uses systematic procedures and communicates knowledge to others for evaluation and replication, combines other sciences

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9
Q

Define speed and velocity and speech

A

Speed: Distance travelled by an object over time

Velocity - distance travelled by a object over time and include directional information

Speech: Production of phonemes which forms words.

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10
Q

How is speed and velocity used in speech

A

We look at the Velocity and speed of the different articulators

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11
Q

Define Newtons first law of motion and give an example in speech and hearing.

A

An object in motion will remain in motion unless acted upon by an outside force. An object at rest will stay at rest unless acted upon by outside force.

Used to discuss vocal folds self-oscillation. Vocal folds start moving due to air pressure and airflow from the lungs. they will continue moving until acted upon by outside force (muscle movement)

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12
Q

Define kinetic and potential energy. Relate it to speech and hearing

A

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion
Potential energy is the energy that is stored in an object. It can be stored i the stapes when it is pulled back ready to be released and transforming into kinetic energy as it is pressed on the oval window

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13
Q

λ = c/f What does each respresent?

A

λ lambda wavelength
c speed of sound in air
f frequency

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14
Q

Define phase angle of a sound wave

A

Shows the angle of sinusoidal motion compared to arbitrary position

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15
Q

What is the unit for impedance

A

Ohm Ω

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16
Q

What is the sound intensity (Ir) reference point value

A

10^-12 W/m^2

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17
Q

Harmonic motion is expressed in ________ and _______

A

sines
cosines

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18
Q

W=Fxd (what does each represent)

A

W Work
F Force
d displacement

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19
Q

Where is a pendulum at equilibrium

A

In the middle

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20
Q

What is newtons third law

A

For every action (force) there is an equal and opposite reaction (force)

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21
Q

F = ma describe which newton law? What is each component

A

Second law: Net force on an object causes object to accelerate in same direction of force. a directly proportional to F, inversely to mass
F net force
m object mass
a accelleration

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22
Q

Name 3 important properties of a transmitting medium

A

Mass
Elasticity
Density

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23
Q

Define stiffness

A

Degree to which an object resists being deformed

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24
Q

Define elasticity

A

Ability of an object to spring back to its shape when deforming forces are removed

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25
Q

Unit for power

A

Watt (W)

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26
Q

Define speed of sound

A

Distance sound travels over a period of time and is a constant value

Distance travelled per unit time and is a constant value

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27
Q

D = A sin (2πft + θ)
What does each letter represent and its unit

A

D displacement (m)
A amplitude (m)
f frequency (Hz)
t time (s)
θ phase wave is at
2π circular origin

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28
Q

Define acceleration and deceleration

A

Acceleration: increase in velocity as a function of time
Deceleration: decrease in velocity as a function of time

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29
Q

What is the two components of impedance

A

Resistance
Reactance

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30
Q

10 dB = 1 Bel T/F

A

True

dB = 1/10 bel

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31
Q

2 types of energy

A

Potential
Kinetic

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32
Q

Unit for intensity level

A

dBIL

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33
Q

Sound pressure (Pr) reference point value

A

20 uPa

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34
Q

The shape of a complex wave is only dependent on amplitude T/F

A

False

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35
Q

Two loudness scales are the phon and tone scales T/F

A

False

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36
Q

Spectrogram only displays f and A

A

False

37
Q

If a complex wave has the following frequency components 100, 200, 300, 500, 700. The first harmonic and first overtone is?

A

First harmonic 100
First overtone 300

38
Q

Threshold of hearing is_____
a sound 10x as intense is______ dB

A

1000Hz assigned as 0 dB

10dB

39
Q

Wavelength _______ when frequency decrease

A

increase

40
Q

Define Sound pressure level

A

Difference between interest pressure and standard pressure - dB

41
Q

The psychoacoustic correlate of intensity is pitch

A

False

42
Q

Pressure = what divided by what

A

Force divided by area

43
Q

Unit for Force

A

Newton

44
Q

Give the unit for intensity, intensity level, power, sound pressure level

A

intensity W/m^2, intensity level dB IL, power watts, sound pressure level dB SPL

45
Q

If signal level is more than noise level the signal to noise ratio is negative

A

False

46
Q

What is waveform synthesis

A

Process of using superposition to combine several individual sine waves into single complex wave form

47
Q

Pitch is measured by Mel Scale

A

True

48
Q

Higher pitches are perceived as louder

A

True

49
Q

Unit for work

A

J joules

50
Q

Define work and power

A

Work = force exerted over a distance
Power = rate at which energy is expended (work done per unit time)

51
Q

Decrease in pressure if surface are increases

A

True

52
Q

Define pressure and give formula

A

Force divided by area
P = F/A
kPa

53
Q

Density is the number of molecules in a cubic inch air

A

True

54
Q

Positive pressure is when density is lower than Patm

A

False - density is higher than Patm

55
Q

T=1/f T=1/f
Name symbols

A

T = period/ time taken to complete 1 cycle of motion
f frequency/ cycles per second

56
Q

Define phase relationship

A

Describes the difference between phases of two periodic waveforms through time

57
Q

Define sound

A

Mechanical vibration from a sound source transmitted through elastic medium

58
Q

Two classes of mechanical waves

A

Transverse waves
Longitudinal waves

59
Q

Speed of sound depends on

A

Elasticity Modulus of medium (K) and density (p)

60
Q

What is instantaneous magnitude

A

Magnitude (displacement) of a waveform at any given moment

61
Q

Maximum magnitude (highest displacement) = peak amplitude

A

True

62
Q

Define friction

A

Force that opposes motion of 2 objects in contact

63
Q

The effect of friction on a vibrating system is called______ resulting in _________

A

damping
damped vibration

64
Q

Forced vibration is when a system allowed to vibrate freely

A

False
System not allowed to vibrate freely but forced by continuous force

65
Q

Define resistance and reactance

A

Resistance - opposition to motion due to friction
Reactance - opposition to motion due to mass & stiffness. Depend on F0

66
Q

Define intensity and give unit

A

Power per unit area
W/m2

67
Q

If I = 10^-12W/m2 then the intensity is 0 dB IL

A

True

68
Q

What is sound pressure and its unit

A

Force per unit area
Pa

69
Q

Two loudness scales

A

Phon and Sone scale

70
Q

Loudness is the perceptual psychoacoustic correlate to intensity

A

True

71
Q

2 Sound measurement scales

A

Sound level meter
Filters

72
Q

Pitch is the subjective (psychoacoustic) correlate to frequency

A

True

73
Q

1000 Hz is the reference tone

A

True

74
Q

The Mel scale compare tone against _______

A

reference tone

75
Q

If 1000 mels = 1000 Hz
500 mels is a tone half as high in pitch as the reference tone
2000 mels means a tone is________

A

Twice as high as the reference tone

76
Q

We hear bigger differences between two lower frequencies than between higher frequencies

A

False

77
Q

Fundamental frequency in males and females

A

Males 120 Hz
Females 220 Hz

78
Q

What is a semitone

A

smallest distance between two pitches

79
Q

All complex waves can be represented by the sum of a number of sine waves of differing amplitudes

A

Ture

80
Q

What is a Fourier series

A

Series of sine waves added to form a specific complex wave (square wave)

81
Q

Shape of a complex wave depends on

A

Frequency, magnitude and duration

82
Q

What is fundamental frequency (F0)

A

Lowest repeating frequency of a complex tone

83
Q

If a complex periodic wave consists of these frequency
components, then…
* 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 — What is F0?
* 100, 300, 500, 700, 900 — What is F0?
* 100, 300, 400, 500, 600 — What is F0?

A

100
100

84
Q

F0 = first harmonic F1

A

True

85
Q

Second harmonic is 2x the fundamental frequency

A

True

86
Q

Overtones is harmonics below F0

A

False - above

87
Q

1st overtone = 2nd harmonic

A

true

88
Q

Name x and y axis of a spectrum and waveform

A

Waveform: x time and y A
Spectrum: x f and y A

Phonation, Breathing and consonants (6 decks)

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