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Phonation, Breathing and consonants > Phonation > Flashcards

Phonation Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 CAPE-V stimuli.

A
  1. Sustained vowels a/i
  2. CAPE V SENTENCES: all vowels, easy onset, voiced, glottal attack, weighted
  3. Spontaneous speech
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2
Q

Vocal fold histology: arrange layers from superficial to deep (and add function)

A
  1. Epithelium (protection)
  2. SLP (flexibility/elasticity for VF vibration)
  3. ILP (structural support)
  4. DLP (structural integrity)
  5. Vocalis m. (control VF tension and stiffness)
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3
Q

Name 4 standard stimuli used in auditory-perceptual assessment of voice.

A

S/SPSV
 Spontaneous speech (“talk for 1 min – your favorite vacation”)
 Standard passage (Rainbow, Grandfather, Caterpillar, etc.)
 Standard sentences (e.g., CAPE-V, see slide ahead)
 Sustained vowel (may need to have them speak, “one, two, threeee”)

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4
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of the vocal fold which affect the F0.

A

Mass per unit length of VF
Length of VF
Tension of VF

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5
Q

What are the 3 functions of the Larynx

A

Protection(airway protection during swallowing), Respiration (regulation of airflow) and Phonation (Larynx produces sounds through vibration)

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6
Q

Define Harmonic to noise ratio

A

Measures the ratio between periodic and non-periodic components (Vocal cord vibration and glottal noise) of a speech sound.

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7
Q

Organize the biomechanics of vocal fold vibration in the correct order. 10 steps

A
  1. Approximation (adduction) of the vocal folds
  2. Thoracic cavity compressed for exhalation
  3. Subglottic air pressure increases
  4. Vocal folds are pushed laterally (out)
  5. Inferior (lower) border of the vocal fold separates before the superior (upper): Convergent shaped glottis
  6. Upper margins separate from air pressure and lateral pull of the elastic tissue
  7. Airflows through open glottis
  8. (Bernouli effect) Increase in velocity of the airflow results in decrease in pressure perpendicular to the direction airflow
  9. Resulting in the abduction of the vocal folds
    10.The lower border returns to the midline first: Divergent shaped glottis
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8
Q

T/F A low Harmonic to noise ratio relates to dysphonia

A

True

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9
Q

What does each letter on the GRBAS scale stand for?

A

Grade

Roughness

Breathiness

Asthenia (abnormal weakness)

Strain

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10
Q

Define jitter and give the value

A

Variation in frequency (pitch) of a soundwave between cycles

Between 0.5 and 1.0% for the sustained phonation

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11
Q

Define Shimmer and value

A

The amplitude variation of the sound wave (loudness).

Presence of noise emission or breathiness.

Pathological voice: for
< 3% for adults
0.4 and 1% for children

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12
Q

Name 2 patient reported voice measures.

A

Voice Handicap Index (VHI)
Trans Woman Voice Questionnaire (TWVQ)
Voice Related Quality of Life (V-RQOL))

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13
Q

Define Bernoulli’s principle.

A

1.fundamental principle in fluid dynamics 2. describes the behavior of fluids as they move through various conditions,
3. focusing on
changes in pressure and velocity.

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14
Q

Basic assumption of Myo-elastic aerodynamic theory

A

VF vibration occurs due to the balance between airflow from the lungs and VF tension.

Subglottic air pressure > resistance of the VF

VF open letting air flow

Air pressure drops

Elastic properties of the VF let it return to resting position

Leading to vibration and sound

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15
Q

Components of myoelastic aerodynamic theory

A

Myo: muscles control tension and elasticity of VF
Elastic: Bernouli Principle - as air flows through glottis the p decreases which closes VF
Aero: airflow through trachea into glottis
Dynamic: Subglottal Pressure builds up and initiates and maintain VF vibration

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16
Q

What are the two components of the neural source filter theory?

A

Sound source - VF vibration

Filter - Vocal tract

17
Q

What is the basic assumption of the neural source filter theory?

A

Source (VF virbration) made by larynx is then shaped by filter (vocal tract).Different sounds caused by variation in VT

18
Q

Describe the body-cover mechanical
model of the vocal folds

A

Cover: epithelium, SLLP, ILLP (stiff helps with wave motion of VF)
Body: DLLP & Vocalis muscle (Compliant - regulate VF tension)

19
Q

Quantal theory main assumption

A

Speech sounds are produced by quantal changes at articulators and vocal tract.

20
Q

T/F When jitter or shimmer is excessive it is perceived as vocal roughness/breathiness

A

True

21
Q

How does F0 change in low intensity or high frequency phonation

How does F0 change in high intensity or low frequency phonation

A

Low: Cricothyroid (CT) contracts -> thyroid cartilage moves ant. -> VF lengthen -> Cover stiffens > MPUL decrease > F0 raises

High: TA m. > AC moves ant. > VF shortens > Cover relaxes > MPUL increase > F0 lowers

22
Q

T/F The greater the lung pressure the greater the vibrational amplitude/lateral stretch the greater the F0

A

True

23
Q

T/F Lung pressure is the major regulator of intensity

A

T

24
Q

Increased lung pressure causes an increased mucosal wave amplitude and creates greater acoustic power. T/F

A

T

25
Q

T/F Breathy voice quality is associated with complete glottal closure during the closed phase of vibration.

A

False - incomplete closure

26
Q

Define pressed voice

A

Open phase is shorter due to thyroarytenoid muscle contraction causing stiffness.

27
Q

What is a mucosal wave

A

traveling wave of mucosa from the inferior to superior margin and continuing laterally

28
Q

T/F The aerodynamic force must be raised during vocal fold opening and lowered during closing to maintain vibration.

A

True

29
Q

Define glottal volume velocity

A

volume of air flowing through the glottis as a function of time during phonation.

30
Q

Define Laryngeal Airway resistance

A

Glottal resistance= amount of resistance the vocal folds offer to the airflow. cm of H2O/L/s

31
Q

Define Phonation Threshold Pressure and give the average value for it

A

Minimal lung pressure required for phonation.
Onset - initiate 0.3 - 0.5 kPa
Offset - maintain 0.1 to 0.2 kPa less

32
Q

Name and describe the three types of
phonation onset.

A

simultaneous (gentle) (exhalation and adduction), breathy/aspirate (exhale before add), and glottal attack (VF approximated before phonation).

33
Q

T/F primary control of ƒo is achieved by the cricothyroid muscle, secondary control by the
thyroarytenoid muscles, and additional control by the lung pressure

A

True

34
Q

T/F Contraction of cricothyroid decreases ƒo.

A

False

35
Q

T/F Longer and thicker vocal folds would vibrate more slowly than those that are shorter and thinner.

A

True

36
Q

Define fundamental frequency, provide
its symbol, and give average
values for adult men and women and
children.

A

F0 = Fundamental f, lowest repeating frequency

Men = 115 Hz
Women = 215 Hz
Children = 5 yo Boy 240 hz, girl 243Hz

37
Q

Define 2 types of voice quality

A

Breathy voice quality: incomplete glottal closure during the closed virbration phase

Pressed voice quality: open phase is reduced.

38
Q

How is intensity regulated?

A

Higher lung pressure leads to higher amplitude of mucosal wave allowing more air to escape.

39
Q
A

Phonation, Breathing and consonants (6 decks)

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