Breathing Flashcards
Intra-oral air pressure for non-speech tasks can be measured with PRAAT. T/F
False
In which 3 directions does the lungs expands
Antero-posteriorly (front to back), inferiorly-
superiorly (lower to higher), and laterally (sideways)
What is Boyle’s law?
If the volume of a gas is increased, given a constant temperature, the pressure will decrease.
Name 3 anatomical locations (landmarks) for subglottic air pressure measurement.
Trachea, Esophagus, Lungs
Adults complete how many respiratory cycles per minute in tidal breathing?
12-18
Define total lung capacity
Total amount of air in lungs/airways after maximum inhalation
What is the difference between static and dynamic measurements of air pressure. Provide examples.
Static – fairly constant (e.g., holding /p/ )
Dynamic – rapidly changing (e.g., /p/ during speech)
Define vital capacity.
The amount of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation.
Define tidal volume.
Volume of air inhaled/exhaled during a relaxed, resting breathing.
Define Diffusion
Movement of fluid molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Define lung volume and lung capacity.
Lung volume: the amount of air each compartment can hold.
Lung capacity: combinations of lung volumes that express physiological units.
Define inspiratory capacity
he amount of air that can be inhaled after exhaling tidal expiration
Define Functional Residual Capacity
The amount of air in the lungs and airways at the end of a tidal volume exhalation
Define inspiratory reserve volume
Volume of air inhaled after inhaling TV. Maximum air that can be inhaled.
What is expiratory reserve volume
Volume of air you can forcefully exhale after exhaling TV
Define residual volume
Volume of air left in your lungs and airways, after maximum exhalation (“dead air”)
Define dead space air
Volume of air in conducting passageways that cannot be involved in gas exchange
What is the primary gas exchanged during respiration?
Correct
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Name the muscle responsible for the majority of breathing movements.
Diaphragm
Describe the process of gas exchange in the alveoli.
Alveoli at ends of terminal bronciole that are surrounded by capillaries (Carry blood to and from the lungs and heart). O2 absorbed by capillaries through diffusion and CO2 transported out of alveoli
List the components of the bronchial tree
1.Trachea
2. Two primary bronchi
3. Secondary Bronchi
4. Tertiary Bronchi
5. Bronchioles
6. Alveoli
Define inspiration and expiration
Inspiration - breathing in Oxygen to body cells
Expiration - Breathing out carbon dioxide
Name 2 types of respiration
Quiet and forced respiration
What are the main muscles used for inspiration and their effect on the ribcage
Diaphragm, external intercostals (Anterior superior movement of ribcage)
Accessory: SCM, Trapeziuz, Pectoralis, Rhomboids
What are the main muscles used for expiration and their effect on the ribcage
Internal intercostals (Down and inward movement of ribs)
Accessory: Latissimus dorsi, subcostal, abdominal mm.
Define tidal and speech breathing
Tidal - Quiet breathing at rest
Speech - Longer expirations
Where can pressure be measured in respiratory system
Subglottic
Supraglottic (nasal/intra oral)
Trans-glottic (difference between supra & sub) (PTP)
List 2 invasive methods to measure subglottic pressure
Trachea (tracheostomy)
Esophageal balloon
Pressure sensor catheter passed transnasally and then between vocal folds and into trachea
List 2 non-invasive methods to measure subglottic pressure
U-Tube Manometer, Spirometer
Plethysmography
Typical subglottic pressure for speech
0.3 to 2.0 kPa
List 2 disorders that affect subglottic pressure
Asthma
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Neuro & neuromuscular disorders (many)
Amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Muscular dystrophy
Myasthenia Gravis
Etc.
4.Tracheostomy with or without ventilation (trach & vent)
5. Etc. – many more disorders
Intraoral pressure during a non speech task can be measured with a spirometer or U-tube manometer. T/F
True
List 2 types of transducers to measure intraoral pressure during speech
- Intraoral transducer
- Extraoral transducer w sensing tube (cheaper)
Define breathing, ventilation and respiration
Breathing: mechanical motion resulting in forces and a rate of change of
displacement. Diaphragm contracts-pressure changes-gas moves
Ventilation: movement of gas to & from lungs
Respiration: gas exchange (external, internal, cellular)
Define airflow/volume velocity
Rate at which a specific volume of air moves through a plane
At transition from inspiration to
expiration the pressure inside
lungs = Atmospheric pressure T/F
True
Define Hypo and hyperventilation
Hypoventilation (under-breathing): excess of CO2 (dizziness, blurred vision, numbness & tingling), e.g., in sleep apnea
* Hyperventilation (over breathing): too little CO2 (impaired cellular respiration, tissue damage, death), “panic attack”
T/F Supine position reduces lung volume from 38-20%
True
