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SEM 2 Sensation & Perception > Sound, the Ear and Auditory Perception > Flashcards

Sound, the Ear and Auditory Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of sound waves?

A

1) Frequency (Hertz)
2) Amplitude (or intensity)
3) Complexity

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2
Q

What are the 3 perceptual phenomena of sound waves?

A

1) Pitch
2) Loudness (decibels)
3) Timbre (quality of the sound)

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3
Q

Match the characteristic of sound waves with the perceptual phenomenon

Frequency

a. Pitch
b. Loudness (decibels)
c. Timbre (quality of the sound)

A

a. Pitch

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4
Q

Match the characteristic of sound waves with the perceptual phenomenon

Amplitude (or intensity)

a. Pitch
b. Loudness (decibels)
c. Timbre (quality of the sound)

A

b. Loudness (decibels)

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5
Q

Match the characteristic of sound waves with the perceptual phenomenon

Complexity

a. Pitch
b. Loudness (decibels)
c. Timbre (quality of the sound)

A

c. Timbre (quality of the sound)

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6
Q

Match the perceptual phenomenon of sound waves with the characteristic of the sound wave

Pitch

a. Frequency (Hertz)
b. Amplitude (or intensity)
c. Complexity

A

a. Frequency (Hertz)

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7
Q

Match the perceptual phenomenon of sound waves with the characteristic of the sound wave

Loudness (decibels)

a. Frequency (Hertz)
b. Amplitude (or intensity)
c. Complexity

A

b. Amplitude (or intensity)

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8
Q

Match the perceptual phenomenon of sound waves with the characteristic of the sound wave

Timbre (quality of the sound)

a. Frequency (Hertz)
b. Amplitude (or intensity)
c. Complexity

A

c. Complexity

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9
Q

What is frequency measured in?

A

Hertz (number of waves per second)

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10
Q

What is hertz?

A

Number of waves per second

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11
Q

The higher the frequency, the…?

a. Shorter the wavelength
b. Longer the wavelength

A

a. Shorter the wavelength

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12
Q

What is the typical human hearing range?

A

20 – 20,000 Hz

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13
Q

What is the frequency of the middle C on a piano?

A

261.63 Hz

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14
Q

The longer the wavelength, the…?

a. Higher the frequency
b. Lower the frequency

A

b. Lower the frequency

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15
Q

The shorter the wavelength, the…?

a. Higher the frequency
b. Lower the frequency

A

a. Higher the frequency

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16
Q

The higher the frequency, the…?

a. Longer the wavelength
b. Shorter the wavelength

A

b. Shorter the wavelength

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17
Q

The lower the frequency, the…?

a. Longer the wavelength
b. Shorter the wavelength

A

a. Longer the wavelength

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18
Q

Which sound has the higher frequency?

a. Infrasound
b. Ultrasound

A

b. Ultrasound

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19
Q

Which sound has the lower frequency?

a. Infrasound
b. Ultrasound

A

a. Infrasound

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20
Q

What value is considered the lowest frequency on the piano?

A

30 Hz

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21
Q

What value is considered the highest frequency on the piano?

A

4000 Hz

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22
Q

What value can ultrasound go up to?

A

10,000Hz

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23
Q

What does amplitude measure?

A

Loudness

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24
Q

What is loudness measured by?

A

Amplitude

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25
Q

The higher the amplitude, the…?

a. Louder the sound
b. Quieter the sound

A

a. Louder the sound

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26
Q

The smaller the amplitude, the…?

a. Louder the sound
b. Quieter the sound

A

b. Quieter the sound

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27
Q

True or False?

As you age, you can no longer hear higher frequencies

A

True

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28
Q

What are the average decibel level and pressure levels of rock bands?

A

160dB and 20,000

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29
Q

What are the average decibel level and pressure levels of spacecraft launch?

A

180dB and 200,000

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30
Q

What are the average decibel level and pressure levels of the threshold of pain?

A

140dB and 2000

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31
Q

What are the average decibel level and pressure levels of the threshold of hearing?

A

0dB and 0.0002

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32
Q

What are the average decibel level and pressure levels of shouting?

A

80dB and 2

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33
Q

What are the average decibel level and pressure levels of conversation?

A

60dB and 0.2

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34
Q

What are the average decibel level and pressure levels of a whisper?

A

40dB and 0.02

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35
Q

True or False?

A complex wave is when 2 sounds have different frequencies but the shape of the wave (pitch) is the same

A

False

A complex wave is when 2 sounds have the same frequency but the shape of the wave (pitch) is different

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36
Q

What is a complex wave?

A

A complex wave is when 2 sounds have the same frequency but the shape of the wave (pitch) is different

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37
Q

When 2 sounds have the same frequency but the shape of the wave (pitch) is different

This is known as…?

A

Complex waves

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38
Q

The wavelength of the longest component. This determines the pitch of the sound

This is known as…?

A

Fundamental frequency

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39
Q

What is fundamental frequency?

A

The wavelength of the longest component

This determines the pitch of the sound

The lowest frequency produced by any particular instrument

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40
Q

What determines the pitch of the sound?

A

Fundamental frequency

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41
Q

What determined the sound quality?

A

Harmonics

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42
Q

Sound quality is also known as…?

A

Timbre

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43
Q

What is a Fourier analysis?

A

Taking apart complex waves and looking at the harmonics that overlay the frequencies

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44
Q

Taking apart complex waves and looking at the harmonics that overlay the frequencies

This is known as…?

A

Fourier Analysis

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45
Q

Name the 6 parts of the ear that are involved with the hearing of sound

A
  • Outer ear
  • Middle ear
  • Inner ear
  • Auditory nerve
  • Cochlea
  • Semicircular canals
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46
Q

What is the function of the vestibular system?

A

To detect the position and movement of our head in space

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47
Q

To detect the position and movement of our head in space

What is responsible for this?

A

Vestibular System

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48
Q

What is the vestibular-ocular reflex?

A

A reflex that helps stabilize the visual field during head movements

It occurs in response to head movement and leads to the eyes moving in the opposite direction to maintain a steady gaze.

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49
Q

A reflex that helps stabilize the visual field during head movements

It occurs in response to head movement and leads to the eyes moving in the opposite direction to maintain a steady gaze.

This is known as…?

A

The vestibular-ocular reflex

50
Q

What 4 parts are involved in the vestibular-ocular reflex?

A
  • Semicircular canal
  • Endolymph
  • Nerves
  • Cupula
51
Q

What happens in the cross-section of the cochlear?

A

Hair cells in the organ of Corti detect vibrations in the Basilar membrane

52
Q

Hair cells in the organ of Corti detect vibrations in the Basilar membrane

Where does this take place?

A

Cross-Section of the Cochlear

53
Q

In the cross-section of the cochlear, what are the roles of hair cells in the organ of Corti?

A

They detect vibrations in the Basilar membrane

54
Q

What detect vibrations in the Basilar membrane?

A

Hair cells in the organ of Corti

55
Q

How do hair cells change their firing rate?

A

By being bent

56
Q

True or False?

Hair cells change their firing rate when they are bent

A

True

57
Q

How sensitive are hair cells in the cochlear?

A

Hair cells are sensitive to movement of 10 picometres

58
Q

What does tonotopic mean?

A

When cells respond preferentially to a particular frequency

59
Q

When cells respond preferentially to a particular frequency

This is known as…?

A

Tonotopic

60
Q

True or False?

Hair cells respond preferentially to a particular frequency

A

True

61
Q

True or False?

Hair cells are not tonotopic

A

False. Hair cells are tonotopic

62
Q

True or False?

The visual system is tonotopic

A

False. The visual system is retinotopic

63
Q

The tonotopic organisation is maintained as far as ……. in the ………

A

a. Primary auditory cortex
b. Temporal lobe

64
Q

Neurones next to one another respond to …?

A

Neighbouring frequencies

65
Q

What are the 5 types of auditory transduction?

A

1) Air pressure changes (kinetic)

2) Vibration of eardrum -> middle ear -> oval window (mechanical)

3) Cochlear fluid flows (kinetic)

4) Hair cells bend (mechanical)

5) Auditory nerve fires (neural)

66
Q

What kind of energy is induced by air pressure changes?

A

Kinetic

67
Q

What kind of energy is induced due to the vibration of eardrum -> middle ear -> oval window?

A

Mechanical

68
Q

What kind of energy is induced due to cochlear fluid flows?

A

Kinetic

69
Q

What kind of energy is induced due to hair cell bend?

A

Mechanical

70
Q

What kind of energy is induced due to auditory nerve fires?

A

Neural

71
Q

What are the 3 types of auditory perception?

A
  1. Pitch and loudness
  2. Location in space
  3. Grouping
72
Q

What does pitch depend on?

A

Frequency

73
Q

What does loudness depend on?

A

Amplitude

74
Q

Are pitch and loudness independent of each other?

A

No

75
Q

More intense low-frequency sounds are perceived as ….. pitch

a. Higher pitch
b. Lower pitch

A

b. Lower pitch

76
Q

More intense high-frequency sounds are perceived as ….. pitch

a. Higher pitch
b. Lower pitch

A

a. Higher pitch

77
Q

Perception of loudness affected by…?

A

Frequency

78
Q

Low-frequency sounds need to be …… to be perceived as equally loud

a. More intense
b. Less intense

A

a. More intense

79
Q

True or False?

Low-frequency sounds need to be less intense to be perceived as equally loud

A

False

Low-frequency sounds need to be more intense to be perceived as equally loud

80
Q

True or False?

Sounds with higher frequencies are often perceived as louder than sounds with lower frequencies, even if they are played at the same intensity

A

True

81
Q

What is auditory space perception?

A

Identifying the direction from which a sound is coming and estimating the distance to the sound source

82
Q

Identifying the direction from which a sound is coming and estimating the distance to the sound source

This is known as…?

A

Auditory space perception

83
Q

Clues that allow us to recognise where and how far away a sound is coming from using only one ear

This is known as…?

A

Monoaural space perception

84
Q

What is monoaural space perception?

A

Clues that allows us to recognise where and how far away a sound is coming from using only one ear

85
Q

What are the 2 clues related to monoaural space perception?

A

1) Loudness
2) Doppler effect

86
Q

We need binaural space perception to perceive where a sound is coming from

True or False?

A

True

87
Q

Why do we hear interaural intensity differences?

A

Because our ears are located on the opposite sides of our heads and due to the attenuation of the sound wave as it passes through our head

88
Q

The loss of hearing on one side of the ear that is a result of the head being between a sound source and the inner ear. When one ear has a hearing loss, then it’s up to the other ear to process the sound information from both sides of the head

This is known as…?

A

The “head shadow” effect

89
Q

What is the “head shadow” effect?

A

The loss of hearing on one side of the ear that is a result of the head being between a sound source and the inner ear. When one ear has a hearing loss, then it’s up to the other ear to process the sound information from both sides of the head

90
Q

What are interaural intensity differences?

A

A sound coming from the right side of your body is more intense in your right ear than in your left ear, and vice versa for sounds from the left

Due to the shadowing of the sound wave by the head (head shadow), a sound coming from a source located to one side of the head will have a higher intensity, or be louder, at the ear nearest the sound source.

91
Q

A sound coming from the right side of your body is more intense in your right ear than in your left ear, and vice versa for sounds from the left

due to the shadowing of the sound wave by the head (head shadow), a sound coming from a source located to one side of the head will have a higher intensity, or be louder, at the ear nearest the sound source.

This is known as…?

A

Interaural intensity differences

92
Q

What role does the outer ear have?

A

Channel sound waves into the auditory canal and protects the auditory canal

93
Q

What happens in the auditory canal?

A

Sound waves reach the ear drum, which will vibrate (like a drum)

Change air pressure into mechanical motion of the eardrum moving

94
Q

What part of the ear makes up the vestibular system?

A

Semicircular canals

95
Q

True or False?

Semicircular canals are fluid-filled structures

A

True

96
Q

What fluids are inside the 3 semicircular canals?

A

Endolymph

97
Q

Where can we find Endolymph?

A

In the 3 semicircular canals

98
Q

What happens to Endolymph when you move your head?

A

Endolymph in the semicircular canals move and tells the nervous system that your head has turned and moved

99
Q

What does the cupula do?

A

Endolymph in the semicircular canals moves the cupula (kind of like a door hinge) and the movement is detected and sent to the nervous system

100
Q

How come you feel like you’re still turning after spinning round and round?

A

The Endolymph fluids in your inner ear (semicircular canals) are still moving and fooling your brain into thinking that you’re still turning

101
Q

What problems might people with vestibular system damage?

A

They can have a lot of vertigo, dizziness and difficulty with coordination

102
Q

What happens in the vestibular-ocular reflex?

A

Your brain detects that you’ve turned your head. You are able to move your eyes rapidly to compensate for the movement of your head (reflex)

103
Q

What reflex helps us keep things in focus as we walk around?

A

Vestibular-ocular reflex

104
Q

What bones are the ear drums attached to?

A

Ossicles

105
Q

What happens to the ossicles when the eardrum vibrates?

A

Ossicles move, which also induces movement in the oval window

106
Q

Apart from the eardrum, what else are ossicles attached to in the middle ear?

A

Oval window

107
Q

When you listen to your own voice, it sounds different to the voice that you hear of yourself in a recording

Why does this happen?

A

Because when you hear your own voice whilst talking, you hear your voice as sound waves being transmitted through the air as well as the vibration of your skull and jaw (simply = voice that is conducted through the bones of your skull)

108
Q

What happens after the sound has reached the oval window?

A

Movement is carried through the cochlear

109
Q

What happens within the cochlear?

A

The oval window vibrates and produces a wave in the Basilar membrane

110
Q

As the basilar membrane vibrates, what part of the cochlear becomes deflected?

A

Hair cells

111
Q

How come hair cells change their firing rate when bent?

A

The basilar membrane deflects/bends the hair cells and potassium ions go in

This produces transmitter release and action potential firing

112
Q

What is the Doppler effect? Give an example as well

A

Higher frequency of sounds tend to be lost over longer distances

e.g. Hearing a very fast car passing and it makes a eeeeerrr sound (gives clues of how far away the sound is coming from)

e.g. You hear the high pitch of the siren of the approaching ambulance, and notice that its pitch drops suddenly as the ambulance passes you.

113
Q

What is the interaural time difference that we can detect?

Simply = We can detect time differences of sounds at around…? How many seconds?

A

0.07 seconds

114
Q

True or False?

We are good at detecting where sound is coming from in the vertical domain

A

False. We are poor at detecting where sound is coming from in the vertical domain. We have to actually move our heads to detect the direction of the sound to perceive vertical location of sound source

115
Q

Auditory grouping or streaming is similar to …… in vision

A

Figure-ground separation

116
Q

How can we group audio/sounds? List 3 ways

A

Grouped into streams by proximity/closeness in:

1) Space
2) Time
3) Frequency

117
Q

The appearance of an auditory ascending scale is known as…?

Simply = A sound that appears as if it’s going up forever

A

Shepard Tones

118
Q

What are Shepard tones?

A

The appearance of an auditory ascending scale

Simply = A sound that appears as if it’s going up forever

119
Q

How can we hear Shepard tones? How does this illusion work?

A

This works because there is a mixture of tones, which induces an ambiguous fundamental pitch/frequency

You always feel like the next note is higher but it actually cycles through the same notes over and over again

120
Q

Speech without acoustic/speech cues is known as..?

A

Sine-wave speech

121
Q

What is sine-wave speech?

A

Speech without acoustic/speech cues

122
Q

What can help us recognise a speech without acoustic/speech cues?

A

Having knowledge of what the sentence/speech sounds like helps us recognise the sine-wave speech

SEM 2 Sensation & Perception (12 decks)

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