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SEM 2 Sensation & Perception > Colour vision > Flashcards

Colour vision Flashcards

1
Q

Define trichromatic

A

Having normal colour vision, which is sensitive to all three primary colours.

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2
Q

Having normal colour vision, which is sensitive to all three primary colours.

This is known as…?

A

Trichromatic

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3
Q

True or False?

Of all mammals, all species have the necessary hardware to see “colours” in a way comparable to us (trichromatic).

A

False

Of all mammals, only a few species have the necessary hardware to see “colours” in a way comparable to us (trichromatic).

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4
Q

Which mammals have a trichromatic vision? List 2

A

1) Catarrhine monkeys (Old World monkeys and man)

2) Platyrrhine monkeys (New World monkeys -only the females)

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5
Q

Which animals have 4 types of colour vision?

A

Some tropical fish and birds

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6
Q

Which animal has 5 types of colour vision?

A

Pigeons

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7
Q

Define tetrachromacy

A

Having normal colour vision, which is sensitive to four colours

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8
Q

Define pentachromats

A

Having normal colour vision, which is sensitive to five colours

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9
Q

Having normal colour vision, which is sensitive to five colours

This is known as…?

A

Pentachromats

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10
Q

Having normal colour vision, which is sensitive to four colours

This is known as…?

A

Tetrachromacy

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11
Q

What is colour good for? List 3 uses

A

1) Scene Segmentation
2) Camouflage
3) Perceptual Organisation

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12
Q

What is Scene Segmentation?

A

Variations in colour often signal object boundaries

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13
Q

What is Camouflage?

A

Animals use this fact to disguise themselves by colour markings

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14
Q

What is Perceptual Organisation?

A

Our visual system uses colour to group elements in a scene

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15
Q

Variations in colour often signal object boundaries

This is known as…?

A

Scene Segmentation

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16
Q

Animals use this fact to disguise themselves by colour markings

This is known as…?

A

Camouflage

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17
Q

Our visual system uses colour to group elements in a scene

This is known as…?

A

Perceptual Organisation

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18
Q

Colour vision is linked with a strong evolutionary force depending on the species.

How do living things in the evolutionary past use colour vision? List 2 things

A

1) Food Identification
2) Camouflage

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19
Q

Colour vision is linked with a strong evolutionary force depending on the species.

Living things use colour vision for food identification. What do these living things look for using their colour vision?

List 4 things

A
  • Ripe fruit
  • Correct leaves
  • Harmless or harmful berries
  • Poisonous or venomous animals
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20
Q

What is colour?

A

Visible light that forms a narrow band of
frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum

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21
Q

Visible light that forms a narrow band of
frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum

This is known as…?

A

Colour

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22
Q

Visible light that forms a narrow band of
frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum

What is present within this narrow band?

A

Within this band, there are different frequencies (or wavelengths) that have different hues, ranging from red (for long wavelength light) to violet (for short wavelength light).

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23
Q

A red hue on the visible light band is for (short/long wavelength)

A

Long wavelength

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24
Q

A violet hue on the visible light band is for (short/long wavelength)

A

Short wavelength

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25
Q

How many nanometers are there in a millimetre on an electromagnetic spectrum?

A

1 000 000 nanometers

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26
Q

A whole spectrum of visible colours covers just …nm

A

400 nm

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27
Q

The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from ….. meters to ….. meters

A

0.00000000000001 meters to 10 000 meters

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28
Q

The visible light on the electromagnetic spectrum ranges from ….. meters to ….. meters

A

0.00000390 and 0.00000750 meters

Simply = 4 thousandths of a millimetre

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29
Q

On the electromagnetic spectrum, what is the nanometer point for violet light?

A

400 nm

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30
Q

On the electromagnetic spectrum, what is the nanometer point for blue light?

A

450 nm

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31
Q

On the electromagnetic spectrum, what is the nanometer point for cyan light?

A

500 nm

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32
Q

On the electromagnetic spectrum, what is the nanometer point for green light?

A

550 nm

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33
Q

On the electromagnetic spectrum, what is the nanometer point for yellow light?

A

600 nm

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34
Q

On the electromagnetic spectrum, what is the nanometer point for orange light?

A

650 nm

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35
Q

On the electromagnetic spectrum, what is the nanometer point for red light?

A

700 nm

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36
Q

On the electromagnetic spectrum, what is the nanometer point for infrared light?

A

750 nm

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37
Q

How do objects appear in colour?

A

Different objects absorb and reflect different wavelengths of light

This gives them colour

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38
Q

What does colour depend on, other than absorbing and reflecting wavelengths of light?

A

Depends on the light source

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39
Q

The wavelength of the light reflected only determines the ….?

A

Hue which is seen

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40
Q

Apart from wavelength judgement (Observed hue), what else is perceived colour determined by? List 2 determinants

A

1) Intensity of reflected light
2) The saturation of the colour

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41
Q

What is perceived colour determined by? List 3 determinants

A

1) Wavelength judgement (Observed hue)
2) Intensity of reflected light
3) The saturation of the colour

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42
Q

What does the intensity of reflected light mean?

A

How bright the light is

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43
Q

What does the saturation of the colour mean?

A

How much white light is mixed in with the pure hue

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44
Q

What are the 3 properties of light?

A
  • Wavelength
  • Intensity
  • Spectral Purity
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45
Q

What are the psychological attributes of the 3 properties of light?

A
  • Hue (colour)
  • Brightness (perceived intensity
  • Saturation (how much colour or how much white)
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46
Q

Match the property of light with the psychological attribute

Property of light:
Wavelength

Psychological attribute:
a. Hue (colour)
b. Brightness (perceived intensity
c. Saturation (how much colour or how much white)

A

a. Hue (colour)

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47
Q

Match the property of light with the psychological attribute

Property of light:
Spectral Purity

Psychological attribute:
a. Hue (colour)
b. Brightness (perceived intensity
c. Saturation (how much colour or how much white)

A

c. Saturation (how much colour or how much white)

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48
Q

Match the property of light with the psychological attribute

Property of light:
Intensity

Psychological attribute:
a. Hue (colour)
b. Brightness (perceived intensity
c. Saturation (how much colour or how much white)

A

b. Brightness (perceived intensity

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49
Q

The difference between the colour blue and red is…?

A

Hue (colour)

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50
Q

The difference between light blue and dark blue is…?

A

Intensity (brightness)

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51
Q

The difference between red and pink is…?

A

Saturation (how much of colour or how much of white)

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52
Q

What happens when white light is shone through red glass?

A

Only red light is perceived

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53
Q

What happens when white light is shone through green glass?

A

Only green light is perceived

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54
Q

What happens when white light is shone through blue glass?

A

Only blue light is perceived

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55
Q

What happens when white light is shone through white glass?

A

White light is perceived because white reflects all primary colours/wavelengths

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56
Q

What happens when white light is shone through black glass?

A

No light is perceived because black absorbs all primary colours/wavelengths

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57
Q

What are the 2 theories of colour perception?

A

1) Trichromatic Theory
2) Opponent Process Theory

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58
Q

Who thought of the Trichromatic Theory of colour perception?

A

Young and Helmholtz

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59
Q

What did the Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory of colour perception suggest?

A

There are three receptor types and their combined responses account for all colours

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60
Q

According to the Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory of colour perception, blue-sensitive cones are mainly responsive to what wavelengths?

A

Short wavenegths

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61
Q

According to the Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory of colour perception, green-sensitive cones are mainly responsive to what wavelengths?

A

Medium wavelengths

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62
Q

According to the Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory of colour perception, red-sensitive cones are mainly responsive to what wavelengths?

A

Long wavelengths

63
Q

Blue-sensitive cones are known as…?

A

S-cones

64
Q

Green-sensitive cones are known as…?

A

M-cones

65
Q

Red-sensitive cones are known as…?

A

L-cones

66
Q

According to the Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory of colour perception, how many colour-sensitive cones are there? And what are they?

A

1) 3
2) Blue, Green, Red

67
Q

According to the Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory of colour perception, which colour-sensitive cones respond to short wavelengths?

A

Blue-sensitive cones

68
Q

According to the Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory of colour perception, which colour-sensitive cones respond to medium wavelengths?

A

Green-sensitive cones

69
Q

According to the Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory of colour perception, which colour-sensitive cones respond to long wavelengths?

A

Red-sensitive cones

70
Q

Cones that respond to short wavelengths respond at what nanometer specifically?

A

419 nm

71
Q

Cones that respond to medium wavelengths respond at what nanometer specifically?

A

531 nm

72
Q

Cones that respond to long wavelengths respond at what nanometer specifically?

A

558 nm

73
Q

True or False?

Rods respond to colour

A

False

Only cones respond to colour. Rods respond to light intensity

74
Q

What is the point of a red alert in a submarine?

A

Once you’re deep in the ocean, the outside environment in the ocean gets dark

If the submarine is lit up with bright, white light, your rods would adapt to the strong light intensity. When you attempt to look outside using a periscope, it might take a while for your eyes (rods) to adjust to the dark to see outside clearly

Whereas, if the submarine is lit with red light, your eyes (rods) have already adapted to the dark because rods do not respond to red light

75
Q

True or False?

Rods respond to red light

A

False

Rods do not respond to red light

76
Q

Why do some animals have an additional reflective layer over the eye?

e.g. cat’s eyes “glow in the dark” when light shines on it

A

To allow the light another chance to hit the receptors to enhance visual sensitivity at low light levels

77
Q

What is the additional reflective layer on the eye which allows a second opportunity for photon-photoreceptor stimulation, thereby enhancing visual sensitivity at low light levels?

A

Tapetum lucidum

78
Q

What is Tapetum lucidum?

A

An additional reflective layer on the eye which allows a second opportunity for photon-photoreceptor stimulation, thereby enhancing visual sensitivity at low light levels

79
Q

What determines which wavelengths each colour-sensitive cone responds to best?

A

Pigments in the cones

80
Q

Objects themselves don’t have colour; they simply reflect some wavelengths and absorb some wavelengths

True or False?

A

True

81
Q

True or False?

Light is coloured, objects are coloured and the visual signal is coloured

A

False

Light is not coloured, objects are not coloured and neither is the visual signal

82
Q

From the cones, light is encoded as …?

A

Electrical signal

83
Q

True or False?

Electrical signals and light are not coloured but the brain actually puts a “label” on that sensation

A

True

84
Q

What is the explanatory gap?

A

The difficulty in explaining how physical properties give rise to the way things feel when they are experienced

Simply = The difficulty in explaining a subjective experience to another person

85
Q

There is a concentration of cones in an area called…?

A

Fovea

86
Q

Where is the fovea located?

A

In a small pit in the retina

87
Q

How big is the retina in mm?

A

32 mm

88
Q

How big is the fovea in mm?

A

1.5 mm

89
Q

When the eye concentrates on an object, where does the image of the object fall on?

A

The fovea (centre of the eye)

90
Q

Which area of the eye has the highest density of receptors?

A

Fovea

91
Q

Fovea has the highest density of receptors. What does this suggest?

A

Fovea has the best acuity (1% - 50%)

92
Q

True or False?

Both rods and cones are in the centre of the fovea

A

False

There are no rods in the centre of the fovea

93
Q

Which is more sensitive?

a. Rods
b. Cones

A

a. Rods

94
Q

Rods are very sensitive. What does this mean?

A

They don’t need much intensity to be activated

95
Q

True or False?

Cones need the minimum lighting conditions to be activated

A

False

Cones need good lighting conditions to be activated

96
Q

What are rods sensitive to?

A

Intensity (black and white) only

97
Q

What are cones sensitive to?

A

Different wavelengths (3 types)

98
Q

Where are rods found?

A

Rods are found all over the retina except the centre of the fovea

99
Q

Where are cones found?

A

Cones are concentrated in the fovea

100
Q

There are …… times more rods than cones across the whole retina

A

20

101
Q

What did the Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory of colour perception hypothesise?

A

There are three different sorts of receptors and they respond best to different wavelengths of light

102
Q

According to the Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory of colour perception, what do the 3 receptors respond best to?

A

The cones respond best to long wavelength (which looks yellow/red), medium (green) or short (blue) wavelength light

103
Q

The colour you see is determined by …?

A

The relative levels of activity in the three sorts of receptors

104
Q

True or False?

Green objects reflect more long wavelength light than other wavelengths

A

False

Red objects reflect more long wavelength light than other wavelengths

105
Q

What are the 3 types of evidence supporting the Trichromatic Theory?

A

1) There are 3 primary colours combined to produce all possible colours

2) There are 3 forms of dichromatism (colour blindness)

3) A mixture of green and red light produces
the same perception of yellow colour as monochromatic yellow light (metamerism)

106
Q

When you stare at a blue circle for a long period of time, what happens to your colour vision when the blue circle suddenly disappears?

A

Only red and green cones can respond, which produces a yellow circle

107
Q

When you stare at a blue circle for a long period of time and the blue circle suddenly disappears, you’ll see a yellow circle.

Why does this happen?

A

The blue-sensitive cones/channel fatigued/adapted

So only red and green cones can respond, which produces a yellow circle

108
Q

Who proposed the Opponent Process Theory?

A

Hering; Hurvich-Jameson

109
Q

What did Hering notice when people are presented with a large number of colour
samples and were asked to pick out those that are pure (not a mix)?

A

People picked a red, a green and a blue colour sample (as predicted by trichromatic theory; primary colours)

But people also picked yellow

110
Q

According to the Opponent Process Theory of colour perception, what are the 3 processes/receptors opponent in nature?

A

1) Red-Green
2) Yellow-Blue
3) Black-White

111
Q

According to the Opponent Process Theory of colour perception, Red-Green Receptors will signal either Red or Green or both

True or False?

A

False

Red-Green Receptor will signal either Red or Green but not both

112
Q

According to the Opponent Process Theory of colour perception, what colours do Red-Green Receptors signal?

A

Either Red or Green but not both

113
Q

According to the Opponent Process Theory of colour perception, what colours do Yellow-Blue Receptors signal?

A

Either Blue or Red and Green but not both

114
Q

According to the Opponent Process Theory of colour perception, what colours do Black-White Receptors signal?

A

All colours (red, green and blue) or None of the colours but not both

115
Q

What are the 4 types of evidence supporting the Opponent Process Theory?

A

1) Non-existence of certain colours, e.g., bluish-yellow

2) Colour confusion in colour blindness (red and green)

3) Complementary afterimages

4) Colour context effects

116
Q

What is the colour context effect?

A

When 2 colours are side by side and they interact with one another, which changes our perception accordingly

117
Q

What is lightness constancy?

A

When the illumination of a visual scene changes, the quantity of light reflected from objects is altered

Despite this, the perceived lightness of the objects generally remains constant

Simply = perceive objects as having a consistent level of brightness or lightness, regardless of variations in the illumination falling on them.

e.g. We perceive a piece of paper in a dimly lit room as white the way way as we perceive the same piece of paper outside on a sunny bright day. Even though the paper outside has higher illumination falling on it, we still perceive both papers as white

118
Q

Trichromacy theory vs Opponent process theory

Which is correct?

A

Both are correct

119
Q

Which colour perception theory identifies the perception of colour at the level of the cones?

A

Trichromacy

120
Q

Which colour perception theory identifies the perception of colour at the level of LGN (The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus) and cortical cells?

A

Opponent process theory

121
Q

The Opponent process theory identifies the perception of colour at the level of …?

A

The LGN (The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus) and cortical cells

122
Q

The Trichromacy theory identifies the perception of colour at the level of …?

A

The Cones

123
Q

Who first described colour blindness and when?

A

John Dalton in 1794

124
Q

When was John Dalton diagnosed with colour blindness?

A

200 years after he investigated it

125
Q

What are the 2 main types of colour blindness?

A

1) Anopias
2) Anomalies

126
Q

What is Anopias in colour blindness?

A

Insensitive to L, M or S wavelengths of light. (missing a type of cone)

127
Q

What are Anomalies in colour blindness?

A

Misalignment of L or M in trichromats. (distribution or deficiency)

128
Q

Misalignment of L or M in trichromats. (distribution or deficiency)

This is known as…?

A

Anomalies

129
Q

Insensitive to L, M or S wavelengths of light. (missing a type of cone)

This is known as…?

A

Anopias

130
Q

What is the term used to describe people who see the world in only black and white?

A

Cortical colour blindness

131
Q

What is Cortical colour blindness?

A

People who see the world in only black and white

132
Q

What are the 3 types of anopia colour blindness?

A

1) Protanopia
2) Deuteranopia
3) Tritanopia

133
Q

What happens in protanopia in anopia colour blindness?

A

L-cone pigment missing

134
Q

What happens in deuteranopia in anopia colour blindness?

A

M-cone pigment missing

135
Q

What happens in Tritanopia in anopia colour blindness?

A

S-cone pigment missing

136
Q

Which type of anopia is this?

L-cone pigment missing

A

Protanopia

137
Q

Which type of anopia is this?

M-cone pigment missing

A

Deuteranopia

138
Q

Which type of anopia is this?

S-cone pigment missing

A

Tritanopia

139
Q

How many % of males and females suffer from Protanopia?

A

1.3% Males, 0.02% Females

140
Q

How many % of males and females suffer from Deuteranopia?

A

1.2% Males, 0.01% Females

141
Q

How many % of males and females suffer from Tritanopia?

A

0.001% Males, 0.003% Females

142
Q

What are the 2 types of anomilies (Anomalous Trichromatism)

A

1) Protoanomaly
2) Deuteranomaly

143
Q

What is Protoanomaly Anomalous Trichromatism?

A

L-cone pigment deficiency

(need more ‘red’ in ‘red-green’ mixture to match ‘yellow’)

144
Q

What is Deuteranomaly Anomalous Trichromatism?

A

M-cone pigment deficiency

(need more ‘green’ in ‘red-green’ mixture to match ‘yellow’)

145
Q

Which type of Anomalous Trichromatism is this?

M-cone pigment deficiency

(need more ‘green’ in ‘red-green’ mixture to match ‘yellow’)

A

Deuteranomaly

146
Q

Which type of Anomalous Trichromatism is this?

L-cone pigment deficiency

(need more ‘red’ in ‘red-green’ mixture to match ‘yellow’)

A

Protoanomaly

147
Q

Which type of colour blindness involves the deficiency of a certain cone?

A

Anomilies (Anomalous Trichromatism)

148
Q

Which type of colour blindness involves missing certain cones?

A

Anopia (Dichromatism)

149
Q

What is Dichromatism?

A

Missing cones

150
Q

How many % of males and females suffer from Protoanomaly Anomilies (Anomalous Trichromatism)?

A

1.3% Males, 0.02% Females

151
Q

How many % of males and females suffer from Deuteranomaly Anomilies (Anomalous Trichromatism)?

A

5.0 % Males, 0.35% Females

152
Q

True or False?

Both colour blindness types support both colour vision theories

A

True

153
Q

Both colour blindness types support both colour vision theories

How? List 2 ways

A

1) The whole fact of anopia points to there being 3 cone types

2) Opponent process theory is supported by the fact that people who have trouble with RED also have trouble with GREEN and etc.

154
Q

Human Tetrachromats (those who have 4 pigment cone types) can detect variations in hue that we normally can not

What variations of hue can they detect?

A

Shades of green

SEM 2 Sensation & Perception (12 decks)

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