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SEM 2 Sensation & Perception > Intro to sensation and perception > Flashcards

Intro to sensation and perception Flashcards

1
Q

What is the goal of sensation and perception?

A

To find out about the external world

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2
Q

Define sensation

A
  • Starting point
  • Receiving info about the world via our senses through sensory receptor cells
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3
Q

How do we sense things?

A
  • Sensory receptor cells
  • These cells are sensitive to the physical properties of the world
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4
Q

Receiving info about the world via our senses through sensory receptor cells

Is this sensation or perception?

A

Sensation

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5
Q

Define receptor cells

A

Specialised neurones which respond to a particular physical property of environmental stimuli

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6
Q

Specialised neurones which respond to a particular physical property of environmental stimuli

What is this?

A

Receptor cells

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7
Q

You can hear the sound of a bell ringing

Is this sensation or perception?

A

Sensation

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8
Q

You can taste the sweetness of the strawberry

Is this sensation or perception?

A

Sensation

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9
Q

Define perception

A
  • Ending point
  • Our experience of the world
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10
Q
  • Ending point
  • Our experience of the world

Is this sensation or perception?

A

Perception

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11
Q

Is perception easy, complex or both?

A

Perception seems effortless but it is actually a very complex process

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12
Q

Why study perception? List 3 reasons

A

1) Perception is our only source of information about the world (everything we learn is learned through perception)

2) Perception underlies our interactions with the environment (we can only interact if we have the ability to perceive)

3) Perception allows for survival

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13
Q

What are the 3 practical reasons why we should study perception?

A

1) Understand change in ageing, disease, injury, etc.

2) Demands of driving, interacting with technology, etc (helps us learn why we can and cannot do certain things in certain circumstances)

3) Design of artificial perceptual systems

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14
Q

How do eye-witnesses recognise faces?

Is this sensation or perception?

A

Perception

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15
Q

Why do people drive too fast in fog?

Is this sensation or perception?

A

Perception

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16
Q

Why do crisps taste better when you hear a crunch?

Is this sensation or perception?

A

Perception

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17
Q

Why should psych UGs study perception?

A

Sensation and perception is the starting point for all psychological processes?

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18
Q

What are the 4 perceptual systems?

A

1) Vision
2) Audition
3) Touch
4) Smell and Taste

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19
Q

Define vision

A

Object identification/recognition, navigation and motion perception

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20
Q

Object identification/recognition, navigation and motion perception

Is this…?
a. Audition
b. Touch
c. Vision
d. Smell and Taste

A

c. Vision

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21
Q

Object identification/recognition, and object localisation

Is this…?
a. Audition
b. Touch
c. Vision
d. Smell and Taste

A

a. Audition

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22
Q

Object identification/recognition, and pain (detection of tissue damage)

Is this…?
a. Audition
b. Touch
c. Vision
d. Smell and Taste

A

b. Touch

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23
Q

Chemical detection/identification, and nutrition and poison avoidance

Is this…?
a. Audition
b. Touch
c. Vision
d. Smell and Taste

A

d. Smell and Taste

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24
Q

Define audition

A

Object identification/recognition, and object localisation

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25
Q

Define touch

A

Object identification/recognition, and pain (detection of tissue damage)

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26
Q

Define smell and taste

A

Chemical detection/identification, and nutrition and poison avoidance

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27
Q

List the perceptual process in order

A
  1. Distal stimulus
  2. Proximal stimulus
  3. Receptor processes
  4. Neural processing
  5. Action, Recognition, Perception
  6. Knowledge
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28
Q

Define distal stimulus

A

Physical object in the environment

Simply = Anything in the external world that you’re sensing

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29
Q

Physical object in the environment

What stimulus is this?

A

Distal stimulus

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30
Q

Define proximal stimulus

A

When info about the distal stimulus is received by the sensory receptor cells

Simply = Representation of distal stimulus

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31
Q

What stimulus is this?

When info about the distal stimulus is received by the sensory receptor cells

Simply = Representation of distal stimulus

A

Proximal stimulus

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32
Q

How does the proximal stimulus represent the distal stimulus?

A

Each sense receives info about the distal stimulus via a different type of environmental physical energy

e.g.
Distal = Bell ringing
Physical energy = Sound waves
Proximal = You can hear with your ear

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33
Q

What happens in the receptor processes?

A

Receptor cells carry out transduction

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34
Q

Receptor cells carry out transduction

Which process is this part of?

A

Receptor processes

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35
Q

Define transduction

A

Transformation of environmental physical energy into electrical energy in the nervous system

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36
Q

Transformation of environmental physical energy into electrical energy in the nervous system

This is known as…?

A

Transduction

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37
Q

When sound waves (physical energy) turns into electrical impulses, this is known as…?

A

Transduction

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38
Q

Describe what happens in vision during receptor processes

A

Receptors in the retina transform light into electrical impulses

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39
Q

Describe what happens in audition during receptor processes

A

Receptors in the inner ear transform sound into electrical impulses

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40
Q

In neural processing, how are electrical signal transmitted?

A

Transmitted from one neuron to the next

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41
Q

In neural processing, as neurons interact, what happens to the signal?

A

It changes

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42
Q

In neural processing, signal changes if…?

A

Neurons interact

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43
Q

In the perceptual process, what is perception?

A

Conscious sensory experience

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44
Q

Conscious sensory experience

What is this known as?

A

Perception

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45
Q

In the perceptual process, what is recognition?

A

Placing and object in a category

Simply = Understanding what the stimulus is, recognising it and putting it in a category

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46
Q

In the perceptual process, what is action?

A

Movement (i.e. movement of body, eyes)

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47
Q

Placing and object in a category

Simply = Understanding what the stimulus is, recognising it and putting it in a category

What is this known as?

A

Recognition

48
Q
  • You hear a ringtone ringing
  • You are aware that the ringtone comes from a mobile phone based on knowledge of external world

Is this perception, recognition or action?

A

Perception

49
Q
  • You hear a ringtone ringing
  • You are aware that the ringtone comes from a mobile phone based on knowledge of external world
  • You recognise the ringtone because you use it

Is this perception, recognition or action?

A

Recognition

50
Q
  • You hear a ringtone ringing
  • You are aware that the ringtone comes from a mobile phone based on knowledge of external world
  • You recognise the ringtone because you use it
  • You search through your bag because you believe the ringtone is yours and pick up the phone

Is this perception, recognition or action?

A

Action

51
Q

Define visual form agnosia

A

An inability to recognise objects

Simply = You can perceive but can’t recognise objects

52
Q

An inability to recognise objects

Simply = You can perceive but can’t recognise objects

This is known as…?

A

Visual form agnosia

53
Q

What does visual form agnosia highlight about perception and recognition?

A

Distinction of perception and recognition

54
Q

Movement (i.e. movement of body, eyes)

What is this known as?

A

Action

55
Q

How does knowledge influence perception, recognition and action?

A

Existing knowledge, assumptions, memories and expectations can influence perception, recognition and action

56
Q

Existing knowledge, assumptions, memories and expectations can influence perception, recognition and action

This effect of knowledge is known as…?

A

Top down processing

57
Q

Define bottom up processing

A

Processing based on incoming stimulus in the environment/ sensory info

58
Q

Define top down processing

A

Processing based on prior knowledge/ experience/ memories/ expectations

59
Q

Perception involves what kind of processing?

A

Top down and bottom up

60
Q

Why do we need top down processing?

A

Top down processing is important for helping us simplify the complex perceptual process

61
Q

How does the distal stimulus differ from the proximal stimulus in the visual system?

A
  • The distal stimulus is the actual physical stimulus in front of you
  • The proximal stimulus is the very image that falls on the retina. It changes with changes in the position or lighting of the physical stimulus
62
Q

What do we call the process of changing physical energy to electrical energy?

A

Transduction

63
Q

What is the difference between perception and recognition?

A

Perception is consciously experiencing something in the world around us

Recognition is recognising a certain object and placing it in a particular category

64
Q

What are the 2 approaches to studying perception?

A

1) Physiological
2) Psychophysical

65
Q

Define physiological approach to studying perception

A

What’s going on in the brain and nervous system?

66
Q

Define psychophysical approach to studying perception

A

What do we perceive? Or measures perceptual experience

67
Q

Give 4 examples of the physiological approach to studying perception

A

1) Studying anatomy
2) Recording brain activity through single cell recording or imaging
3) Microstimulation
4) Lesioning and TMS

68
Q

What are the 4 examples of imaging in order to record brain activity?

A

1) fMRI
2) MEG
3) EEG
4) PET

69
Q

What does imaging look at?

A

Which parts of the brain are active during different tasks

70
Q

What is micro stimulation?

A

Stimulate a part of the brain and see which parts are active when brain is stimulated

71
Q

What is lesioning and TMS?

A

Creating temporary brain damage using magnetic fields that interfere with brain magnetic signals

72
Q

What relationship does the psychophysical approach measure?

A

Relationship between physical world (stimulus) and psychological experience (perception)

73
Q

What is in a typical visual psychophysics lab?

A

1) Visual stimulus on a computer screen

2) Stimulus is carefully controlled in terms of brightness, duration, etc

3) Participants sit at a controlled distance from the computer

4) Participants make judgements about what they see on the screen (brightness, colour, clarity, etc)

74
Q

What are the 2 types of threshold in the psychophysical approach?

A

1) Absolute (detection)
2) Difference (discrimination)

75
Q

What is absolute (detection)?

A

What is the smallest magnitude that we can perceive?

Simply = The smallest level of stimulus that can be detected, usually defined as at least half the time

e.g. The absolute threshold for hearing is the quietest sound you can hear

76
Q

What is the smallest magnitude that we can perceive?

Simply = Measure limits of people’s psychophysical experience/perception

This is known as?

A

Absolute (detection)

77
Q

What is difference (discrimination)?

A

What is the smallest difference that we can perceive?

Simply = We have 2 lights, and we have to detect the difference between the 2

So how bright does 1 light have to be in order for us to perceive it differently from the other light?

78
Q

What is the smallest difference that we can perceive?

Simply = We have 2 lights, and we have to detect the difference between the 2

So how bright does 1 light have to be in order for us to perceive it differently from the other light?

What is this known as?

A

Difference (discrimination)

79
Q

An experiment intends to measure how bright must a spot of light be to detect it

What does this measure?

A

Absolute threshold

80
Q

What are the. 2 methods to measure absolute threshold?

A

1) Method of adjustment
2) Forced choice

81
Q

What is method of adjustment when measuring absolute threshold?

A

Adjusting intensity of stimulus (e.g. increasing light levels) until participants can just perceive the target item

82
Q

What is forced choice when measuring absolute threshold?

A

Forcing participants to choose an answer for all of the trials

83
Q

Adjusting intensity of stimulus (e.g. increasing light levels) until participants can just perceive the target item

Which method is this?

A

Method of adjustment

84
Q

What is the problem with method of adjustment?

A

People have different criteria for saying “yes I see it”

Simply = Some people wait until they’re really sure they see the target item before they tell the experimenter that they can see it

85
Q

When measuring an absolute threshold, after plotting the results on a graph, what shape would the graph be?

A

stretched out ‘S’ shape

86
Q

Psychophysical studies usually use a (large/small) number of participants, each doing (many/few) repetitions of each trial.

A

1) Small
2) Many

87
Q

Define chance performance when measuring an absolute threshold by force

A

When participants end up choosing the correct answer during the first few trials (by chance/lucky guess)

88
Q

What is a psychometric function?

A

A mathematical equation that plots the performance of a participant on a perceptual task against a physical aspect of a stimulus, such as contrast, size, or intensity

Performance is measured as a percentage of correct responses or responses where the participant could detect the stimulus.

89
Q

Humans cannot hear sounds at very low or high frequencies

A (………….) can be used to show or predict the point at which a sound can be detected based on its frequency or other parameters.

A

Psychometric function

90
Q

A mathematical equation that plots the performance of a participant on a perceptual task against a physical aspect of a stimulus, such as contrast, size, or intensity

Performance is measured as a percentage of correct responses or responses where the participant could detect the stimulus.

This is known as…?

A

Psychometric function

91
Q

What % is considered the absolute threshold?

A

Absolute threshold taken as the intensity that gives 75% correct performance

Simply = When participants get the answer right 75% of the time, then that point is considered to be the limit of their ability to perceive/absolute threshold

92
Q

Who translated human absolute thresholds into more meaningful quantities?

A

Galanter

93
Q

What is the absolute threshold for vision, according to Galanter?

A

A candle flame seen at 30 miles on a dark, clear night

94
Q

What is the absolute threshold for hearing, according to Galanter?

A

The tick of a watch under quiet conditions at 20 feet

95
Q

What is the absolute threshold for taste, according to Galanter?

A

One teaspoon of sugar in two gallons of water

96
Q

What is the absolute threshold for smell, according to Galanter?

A

One drop of perfume diffused into the entire volume of a three-room apartment

97
Q

What is the absolute threshold for touch, according to Galanter?

A

The wing of a bee falling on your cheek from a distance of 1 cm

98
Q

The wing of a bee falling on your cheek from a distance of 1 cm

This is the absolute threshold described by Galanter about which type of sense?

A

Touch

99
Q

One drop of perfume diffused into the entire volume of a three-room apartment

This is the absolute threshold described by Galanter about which type of sense?

A

Smell

100
Q

One teaspoon of sugar in two gallons of water

This is the absolute threshold described by Galanter about which type of sense?

A

Taste

101
Q

The tick of a watch under quiet conditions at 20 feet

This is the absolute threshold described by Galanter about which type of sense?

A

Hearing

102
Q

A candle flame seen at 30 miles on a dark, clear night

This is the absolute threshold described by Galanter about which type of sense?

A

Vision

103
Q

Is difference (discrimination) a constant value/quantity?

A

No it is related to the baseline level

104
Q

Difference (discrimination) is related to the baseline level. What does this mean?

A

How big of a difference the stimuli is from other things surrounding it

e.g. Adding a book to a bag of cotton wool vs. a bag of bricks

It is easier to detect that a book was added into a bag of cotton wool compared to a bag of bricks

Bricks and books weigh almost the same (little difference) whereas cotton is a lot lighter than books

105
Q

The difference as a proportion of the baseline level is constant

What law does this follow?

A

Weber’s law

106
Q

What does weber’s law suggest about perception?

A

The perception of change in any given stimulus is always dependent on what that stimulus is.

Simply = whether a change will be noticed is affected by how big, heavy or significant something was beforehand and how obvious the change is.

107
Q

How different must two lines be to detect the difference?

Forced Choice – which line is shorter?

What type of threshold, following the psychophysical approach, is this?

A

Difference (discrimination)

108
Q

What do the results of psychophysics highlight?

A

The relationship between the physical world and perceptual experience

109
Q

Describe psychophysics (List 2 main aspects)

A

1) Psychophysics uses carefully controlled experiments to test perceptual performance

2) Results highlight the relationship between the physical world and perceptual experience

110
Q

True or false?

We need to understand perception to understand how we interact with the world

A

True

111
Q

True or false?

Perception only involves incoming sensory information (bottom-up)

A

False

Perception involves incoming sensory information (bottom-up) and prior knowledge and experience (top-down)

112
Q

True or false?

Perception is a complex, single-stage process

A

False

Perception is a complex, multi-stage process

113
Q

True or false?

There is only 1 approach to studying perception

A

False

Two main approaches to studying perception: physiological and psychophysical

114
Q

True or false?

The two main approaches to studying perception are physiological and psychophysical

A

True

115
Q

What are the 2 main approaches to studying perception?

A

1) Physiological
2) Psychophysical

SEM 2 Sensation & Perception (12 decks)

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