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Philosophy > ✅soul, mind and body > Flashcards

✅soul, mind and body Flashcards

1
Q

Plato’s ideas about the soul

A

Dualist understanding. 2 separate entities.
Soul had the capacity to leave the physical body after death and move on after death to the WOForms.
Life and death come from eachother in an endless chain of rebirth.
Reason, appetite and emotion

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2
Q

And is Plato’s chariot thoughts

A

2 horses pulling a chariot. Reason is the charioteer, guiding and directing the viruses of appetite and emotion to stop running off wildly.
In MENO, Plato says an uneducated person such as slave boy can still work out the answers to geometry etc because their soul has encounter ideas beofre brith.

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3
Q

What is the myth of er

A

Plato describes the immortality and rebirth of souls. In Plato republic book. Tells a story of a man called Er which comes back from the dead and reports on everything he saw there.

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4
Q

What are aristotles ideas about the soul

A

Disagrees with Plato.
Soul was a substance. Essence.
The soul is that which gives a living thing its essence.
Soul is not distinct from the body, it is capacities that the body had to do whatever it is mean to do

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5
Q

What was aristotles analogy?

A

Shape of wax. The shape is inseparable from the wax, as is the body and soul

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6
Q

What is substance dualism

A

View that the mind and body are 2 distinct substances with 2 distinct sets of properties.
Body is material, has properties of extension etc. Mind and soul are immaterial and have properties of thought and emotion

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7
Q

What is a substance dualism

A

Rene Descartes

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8
Q

What does Descartes think about the soul

A

Process of hyperbolic scepticism. he could not be certain he had a body, but could be certain of our mind “I think therefore I am”.
Thought the mind and body must somehow be attached to eachother, perhaps through pineal gland , but he was hazy about how this worked
Possibility of life after death

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9
Q

What is property dualism

A

View that there is only one kind of substance, which is matter, but the matter can have 2 distinct kind of properties; physical and mental

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10
Q

What is emergent materialism

A

View that new properties emerge from physical matter as it becomes more complex. And the mind and body are different but not completely distinct.

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11
Q

Who is an emergent materialist

A

j S mill

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12
Q

What is reductive materialism?

A

Mind is not distinct from the body, but is identical with it
Mental states, eg fear and memory, correspond to different activities in the brain
Chemical reactions are the same thing as mental events
Materialism doesn’t allow for life after death

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13
Q

What does Gilbert ryle think about soul

A

Mind is not a distinct part of the body but an aspect of the way the body behaves, just as team spirit is an aspect of the way the cricket team behaves.
There is no “ghost in the machine” there is no non-physical “soul” in the matter of the body

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14
Q

What is ryles book

A

The concept of mind 1949

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15
Q

What does Dawkins think of the soul

A

Argues humans are entirely material.
Survival machines
Rejects the idea that we need to think to a supernatural souls if we are explaining what it means to be human
Platonic ideas of supernatural soul “soul one” and Aristotelian ideas of the soul as the essence of a lateral being being “soul 2”

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16
Q

What is Dawkins book?

A

The selfish gene 1976

Ricer out of Eden 1995

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17
Q

Criticisms of dualist approaches to the mind body problem

A

Our experiences of ourselves don’t seem to support a dualist approach.
We feel ourselves to be a unity. With mental and physical aspects, rather than 2 very separate substances
Dualist approaches can’t explain how the mind and body work together
Problem of other minds arises
Distinction between mental and physical properties

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18
Q

Possible criticism of materials approaches

A

The way we use language suggest that we feel ourselves to be more than just a physical body
Descartes observation that the mind and the body have different properties
Swinburne and ward argue that losing belief in the soul could have a damaging effect

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19
Q

Category error

A

A problem of language that arises when things are talking about as if they belong to one category when in fact they belong to another

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20
Q

C s Lewis quote

A

“You do not have a soul, you are a soul, you have a body”

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21
Q

Who is phineas Gage?

A

He had a accident and a metal rod passed through his brain. He survived, but had a whole personality change, he became an aggressive drunk.

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22
Q

What is the Theseus ship story

A

Each month, Theseus replaced an old plank of his ship with a brand new one. His ship had completely been replaced, is it still the same ship?

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23
Q

Prince and the cobbler story

A

They wake up in each other bodies. Cobbler was anxious to explain that he had not broken in, but because he had the appearance of the prince. No one understood what the problem was. John Locke used this to ask which person was which?

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24
Q

What is the duplicator gun?

A

Stephen law gives the following examples- suppose an alien had a duplicator gun? They make an exact replica of you. Which is the real you?

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25
Q

Where did Plato write his ideas of the soul?

A

Phaedo

Socrates claims that doing philosophy is a rehearsal for death.

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26
Q

What are the distinctions between the soul and the Body?

A

Body is physical matter, empirical world, interesting in the senses, distraction, a prison, have a body but you aren’t a body

Soul- simple, gain knowledge, true, eternal, death Is liberation for soul from body

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27
Q

What are Plato’s 2 arguments for dualism

A

The cycle of opposites

Arguments from knowledge

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28
Q

What is the cycle of opposites?

A

All qualities depend on the existence of their opposites or they would it exist at all.
Death must come from life and life after death
An endless chain of birth, death and rebirth

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29
Q

What is the argument of knowledge

A

Leaning is remembering, Plato believed the soul exists in a realm of forms before the body and hence can regain the knowledge that it has already known. We know what true equality is even though we have never seen it. Knowledge gained senses is a mere opinion.

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30
Q

What is the argument of affinity?

A

Plato believed that the body and an affinity with the earth and that the soul as an affinity with the eternal realm of the forms. Because the body is a composite, at death it is dispersed to the earth.

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31
Q

What is the final argument?

A

States that because the soul is simple and cannot be destroyed, when death, its opposites approached, it must either retreat or be destroyed. As it cannot be destroyed it has to retract, which it does to the realm of forms.

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32
Q

Criticisms of Plato’s view on the soul

A

Arrived deductively, therefor don’t rely on empirical information.
Plato’s understanding of the soul doesn’t match up with ourselves as unified wholes.
Depends on his beliefs and if people believe in the realm of forms
Idea of cycle of opposites is not supported by experience

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33
Q

What Is Descartes idea

A

Cartesian dualism, it is branch of substance dualism

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34
Q

Is the soul pre existent according to Aristotle?

A

No. It doesn’t distance before the body comes into existence. Both soul and body come into existence the same time and pass out of existence at the same time.

35
Q

Who is Dr Deepak Chopra?

A

Said that our body is made up of energy. They appear solid but actually they are just an impulse of energy. When an indie yak dues, the energy field may keep their image and may be perceived as a ghost.

36
Q

Who is Dr Raymond Moody?

A

Near death experiences. Look at people who had died and come back to life. At the moment of death, the person feels like they’re floating above the body
Person feels very peaceful.
Told it’s not their time to die, and are returned to their bodes,
Shown that love is the most important thing

37
Q

Whhat is Cartesian dualism?

A

When we find properties, there must be a bearer, properties can’t just come into existence. If we find the colour blue, there must be something that is blue which we have found. Body and soul are 2 substances, which are distinct by virtue of possession or radically different ATTRIBUTES.

38
Q

What are attributes?

A

For Descartes, an attribute is defining property of a substance. It’s not just a characteristic, it is the thing that makes a substance what it is.

39
Q

What is the body, to Descartes?

A

Descartes refers to all physical substances as bodies.

Thus a body isn’t just that possessed by creatures to enable movement, it is every conceivable physical object

40
Q

What are the attributes of the body!

A

The unique attribute of the body is extension. Extension is essentially all spatial properties. Shape, mass, location, etc.
All bodies are extended.
A body without extension is logically impossible, it would simply not exist.

41
Q

What is the mind to Descartes?

A

Is the soul, it is the immaterial or incorporeal part of us that thinks.
In meditation 2, Descartes tells is that the mind is what we are, and our bodies are the mere v Sesotho for the mind.

42
Q

What are the attributes of the mind?

A

Thought.

43
Q

What are modes?

A

A mode is the manner in which an attribute manifests itself in the world. Each substance can possess only one attribute, but may manifest through many different modes.

44
Q

What are modes of extension?

A

Characteristic shape, size, location etc

45
Q

What are the modes of thought?

A

Ways in which it thinks,

46
Q

How does our soul and mind interact from Descartes?

A

Pineal gland called pineal deep within the brain, the seat of the soul. Animal spirits travel in the Brian pathways and produce imagines and sensations that we experience.

47
Q

What is the intermingling thesis?

A

,
Descartes suggest that the mind doesn’t interact with the body at a specific point in the brain. He said that the mind is spread throughout th embody, and intermingled with it.

48
Q

Wha is the pilot and the ship analogy?

A

He points out that he is not present within his body merely as a pilot is within a ship. If would only perceive damage rather than feel it. This is his 2nd theory of the brain.

49
Q

What are the argument to Descartes view?

A

X Argument from doubt. Scepticism.
X Cannot be proved
Y Body is divisible into parts, the mind is not. Therefore the mind must be of an entirely different nature than the body
Y Leibniz law

50
Q

Peter singer on soul

A

If not a soul, then you aren’t mindful, and hence you aren’t human. This means it is alright for people to kill.
However, after his mother got dementia, he changed is ideas and realised that it’s different for your loved ones

51
Q

What is Leibniz law

A

If 2 things are identical, then they must share exactly same properties.
Something cannot have different properties form itself.
This support Descartes argument, as he claims that body and mind have different properties- divisible and indivisible, and therefore cannot be the same thing.

52
Q

Objections to Descartes theory

A

Split brain patients?
Conscious vs unconscious
Multiple personalities
Mental illness

53
Q

What is the argument for clear and distinct perception?

A

I have a clear and distinct understanding of myself as a conscious but not extended thing. Whatever I can clearly and distinctly understand can be brought about by god.
Of god can bring about that I and my body can exist apart, then they can exist apart.

BASICALLY:
If I can clearly and distinctly conceive of 2 things as complete and separated then god can create then as separate and they can exist independently of each other,
Both mind and body can be conceived completely and separately.
Therefore mind and body are separate and can exist independent of each other,

54
Q

What is th argument of utility?

A

Aristotle believed that psyche and boy is unity, without the body, there is in psyche, wax and shape etc

55
Q

What are the 3 elements of the soul?

A

Intellectual soul; humans only. Reason etc
Appetitive soul: animals and humans. Passions, eg hunger
Vegetative soul: all living things.

Aristotle

56
Q

What is reductive materialism

A

This is the idea that mental events are identical with physical occurrences in the Brain.it is otherwise known as identify theory or type physicalism.

57
Q

What does Boring think about the soul

A

The chemical reactions which occur when we feel emotions like anger do not cause the mental events, but they are the mental events.

58
Q

Gilbert Ryle quote on the soul

A

“Either there exits minds or there exists bodies, but not both. It would be like saying ‘either she brought a left hand and a right hand glove, or she brought a pair of gloves. “

59
Q

Who is Gilbert Ryle?

A

20th century philosopher. Rejected Descartes views. In meditations VI, Descartes described the mind as a pilot of the body. So Ryle coined the phase, ghost in the machine.

60
Q

Examples of the category error

A

University, military parade, cricket match

Where is the university?
Where is the division?
Where is the team spirit?

61
Q

What does peter geach think about the soul

A

“It is a savage superstition to suppose that a man consist of 2 pieces, body and soul, which come apart after death. A platonic-Cartesian reading of such passages is mistaken, in truth a man is a sort of body, not a body plus an immaterial somewhat”.

Supports “my soul is not me” Aquinas

62
Q

Who said “my soul is not me”

A

Aquinas

63
Q

What are intelligent acts by Ryle?

A

Mental processes are intelligent acts, there are no mental processes distant from intelligent acts. The operations of the mind are not rely representing by intelligent acts, they are the same as those intelligent acts

64
Q

What is hicks rejection to substance dualism?

A

Weakens the possibility of life after death. Argues the dualist view of the body and soul owes more to Plato that Judeo-Christian tradition. When we talk about the soul, we are describing our mental characteristics, “behavioural dispositions”. SOS means save our SOULS.

65
Q

What is traducianism?

A

Idea seems to be more in keeping with modern science and fits into hicks ideas that soul s doesn’t refer to an extra something implanted in god.

66
Q

What is the replica story?

A

Created by Hick.
John smith disappeared and then was found in New York, he would be the same person.
If he died in London and recreated in New York, we would identify John Smith as the person in New York rather than the body in London.
If he died in London and was buried, is it not logically possible that god could recreate him in another world?

67
Q

Who is Peter geach

A

Monism. Married anscombe. Suggested that r sure Timon is the only meaningful way to talk about life after death, a person couldn’t be meaningfully identified with only spiritual existence,

68
Q

“To such a body as would reconstitute, a man identifiable with the man who died”

A

Geach

69
Q

What did elizabeth anscombe think of the soul?

A

If I point at something, the pointing itself is not the meaning of the action, it is a gesture. Just looking at my pointing body doesn’t explain the action. For this we need to have a description of the thought,
A disembodied soul could not point, it is my body that points

70
Q

Anscombe quote

A

“This bodily act is an act of man qua spirit.

71
Q

Anscombe s essay

A

“Analytical philosophy and the spirituality of man”

72
Q

“There is no spirit driven life force, no throbbing, heaving. Life is just bytes and bytes of digital information”

A

Dawkins.

73
Q

Who does skinner agree with

A

Dawkins

74
Q

What does skinner say about the soul

A

A materialist and behaviouralist, mental states are merely behavioural states

75
Q

Quote which Daniel Dennett says

A

“This is an over simplification of human consciousness.”

76
Q

What is hicks?

A

A soft materialist,

77
Q

What is hicks book called

A

Death and eternal life

78
Q

What does Daniel dennet say about souls

A

Argues that skinner over simplifies human conscientiousness as he assumes that wheat is reprise for consciousness of a pigeon or other animals is true for all human beings.
If I got to listen to a concert, it cannot be explained by just saying because it’s good. You have to be emotional.

79
Q

What is. Dennets article

A

Skinner skinned

80
Q

What is behaviourism

A

Views human thoughts as simply learned behaviours, refers to psychological approach.
Skinner is a known behaviourist. He sees mental events as learned behaviour,

81
Q

What is Keith wards book

A

Defending the soul

82
Q

What does Keith ward think about the soul

A

Without belief in th soul, morality becomes a matter of choice, when we need the moral claims that it is from god, in order for us to possess a special dignities. Without the soul, humans lack final purpose.

83
Q

What does flew think about the soul?

A

Talk of life after death, where the soul outlives the body, is completely non sensical. He compares it with the humerus nonsense in Alice in wonderland. With the grin being left behind the cat, uses the analogy to demonstrates his view that to refer to a soul as if it were a substance is a misuse of the term.

84
Q

Flew s article

A

“Merely mortal: can you survive your own death?”

Philosophy (9 decks)

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