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Philosophy > ✅Design Arguements On Observation > Flashcards

✅Design Arguements On Observation Flashcards

1
Q

What are Aquinas is five ways

A

Proving existence of God. The fifth way is taken from the governments of the world. That’s awesome intelligent being exists by him all natural things are directed to the end, and this being we call God

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2
Q

What did Aquinas state of existence of God

A

Connor stated that everything works together to achieve order despite the fact that inanimate objects have no mind or rational power to achieve this.

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3
Q

What was the crime is analogy for the teleological argument.

A

Arrow, saying that for the arrow to reach its destination, it must be directed first by the archer,

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4
Q

What are Aquinas arguments from?

A

Argument from design. Proving god is there as he put the design in the world.

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5
Q

Who is William paley?

A

Took Aquinas argument further, with his own version of the teleological argument. Presents both an argument for and an argument from design,

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6
Q

What is parleys analogy?

A

Analogy of the watchmaker. A man comes across a stone and a pocket watch, it was clear that the stone was natural and could be there forever. However the watch obviously had a creator, as it was perfectly designed for its use. It has regularity and purpose. Therefore cannot be just a coincidence and it has to have a creator, exactly like the world.

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7
Q

What other examples did paley use to further his argument?

A

An eye, fish fins, birds wings.

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8
Q

“There is precisely the same proof than the eye was made for vision, as there is that the telescope was made for assisting it”

A

Dawkins. The blind watchmaker. 1986

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9
Q

What were the two aspects of paley arguments?

A

Design qua purpose and design qua regularity

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10
Q

What was design qua purpose?

A

First part of plays argument, which argues that everything in the world was designed for a purpose, just like the watch was. Uses the example of the human eye.

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11
Q

What is design qua regularity?

A

Second part of paley argument. Stating that the order of the universe suggests a designer. Paley’s uses examples of astronomy and Newton’s law of motion and gravity to prove design in the universe, he stated that the ordered what in which the plants move and the way they are held in their orbits couldn’t have come across by chance,

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12
Q

“I might possibly answer, that, for anything I knew to the contrary, it has lain there forever”

A

Paley about the watchmaker

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13
Q

Psalms about the world showing gods design

A

“The heavens declare the glory of god, and the firmament showery his handiwork!

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14
Q

What are humes three criticisms to the teleological argument?

A

Aptness of analogy
Alternative explanation
Arguments from cause and effect

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15
Q

Who was David Hume?

A

Enlightenment period. Alcoholic and racist. Hume wrote these criticisms 24 years before paleys book., in “dialogue concerning natural religion”

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16
Q

What was humes aptness of analogy criticm on the teleological argument?

A

Analogy is limited to the points of similarity of the things being compared. When studying the circulatory system, you don’t compare it to a way the Sap circulates a tree, this applies to paleys analogy, man made and the world, necessary and contingent.
If the house is faulty, what does this say about the designer?

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17
Q

What is humes alternative explanation about the teleological argument?

A

Cosmic fine tuning. If the Big Bang has been the tiniest bit stronger or weaker, the universe would have collapsed or expanded too quickly. The accuracy of the universe is compared to firing a bullet at a one inch target 20 billion light years away and hitting it. Epicurean thesis- explanation for the order and precision of the world.
Monkeys and typewriter- one day, they will accidentally wrote the whole of shakespeare

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18
Q

What is humes cause and effect argument for the teleological argument?

A

We cannot go from an effect to a cause greater than that needed to produce the cause. Example of a set of scales. The pan is in the air, so we know that what is in the other pan is heavier, even though it is hidden from our view. But we have no idea if it is an ounce or a ton difference. In the same way we cannot go from the vidnev of with world, with all its limitations, to an infinite all loving god,

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19
Q

What does mill think about the teleological argument?

A

We can conclude from the observations of nature, that it doesn’t logically lead to the conclusion thus it is designed for human good, he believed that nature kills at random and it is cruel. Problem of evil.

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20
Q

Quote of mill about the teleological argument

A

“If the maker of this world can do all that he wills, he wills misery and there is not escaping that conclusion.”

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21
Q

What does Darwin think about the teleological argument?

A

Without reference to god. Natural selection. The world is pure chance, nothing more. Natural selection is a complex process that it seems to usurp the role of god.

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22
Q

Darwin’s book

A

“On the origin of species by means of natural selection” 1859

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23
Q

What does Swinburne argument about the teleological argument?

A

god is the best explanation because of the providential nature of the universe. It contains within it everything that is necessary for survival and natural laws function within the universe. This kind of universe is the type that god would have reason to create,

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24
Q

Who is F R Tennant and what does he have to do with the design arguments?

A

Proposed aesthetic argument.
Also used the notion that the universe possesses a natural beauty beyond that which is necessary to live, meaning there is a creator.

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25
Q

What is tennants book called?

A

Philosophical theology 1969

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26
Q

Who is Freeman Dyson?

A

Argues scientific explanations of the universe are compatible with ththe design argument since evolution or the Big Bang can be seen to the The means that the designer has employed.

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27
Q

What does polkinghorne think about the design argument?

A

Believed that the universe is not fixed and unchained, but rather that God continually interacts with creation as a conductor “conducting the improvised performance of the universe”

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28
Q

What does a posteriori mean

A

Based on observation and the experiences of the world.

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29
Q

What does inductive mean

A

Moves from specific experiences of the world, to a general conclusion about the world, premises give support to the conclusion but do not necessitate it,

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30
Q

What does Paul Davies say?

A

If you are a theist, you will always think there is a god.

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31
Q

Lacewing quote on the teleological argument

A

Science cannot explain why the Big Bang was exactly the size of whi the laws or nature are the way they are

32
Q

Polkinghorne quote

A

The universe is crying out for an explanation

33
Q

What said “evolution is the devils chaplain”

A

Dawkins

34
Q

John Stuart mills book

A

Nature and utility of religion 1874

35
Q

What does mill say about nature being evil?

A

Nature is guilty of the exact thinks and crimes that are condemned in society, nature freezes and kills innocent, yet these acts are immoral and these suffer,

36
Q

What does mill say about pain and suffering to do with the teleological argument?

A

If we had an all loving god, then he would have perfected the world and let his creation be happy. But there is grief in the world, therefore not all loving,

37
Q

What is the cosmological argument?

A

Aquinas first three ways in the summa theologica.

Movement or change
Causality
Dependence/contingency

38
Q

What is Aquinas famous quote?

A

Nothing comes from nothing

Eh nihilo nihil Fix.

39
Q

What is Aquinas first way?

A

Some things are in motion, whatever is in motion is being moved by something else.
One cannot go back ad infinitum in the series of moved movers. Therefore there is an unmoved mover which stated the action and isn’t itself moved. This is god

40
Q

What is Aquinas second way?

A

There are causes and effects in the world. He observed that nothing could be the cause of itself, as this would ,em that it would have had to exist before it existed, this would be logically impossible. Aquinas rejects an infinite series and believed there must be a first and uncaused cause, this was god

41
Q

What is Aquinas third way?

A

Necessary being.

Based on the facts that things come into existence and later cease to exist, Aquinas considered the possibility of infinite time. If time is infinite there must have been a time when nothing existed, if time is infinite there must be a time when nothing existed. This means, because if contingency, the very fact that things are contingent means they cannot continue forever. Cause of the universe must be external to it, if god didn’t exist, then nothing would exist.

42
Q

If the natural world rests upon a similar ideal world, this deal world must rest upon some other, and so on, without end.

A

Hume on the cosmological argument

43
Q

What was the copleston and Russel debate about the cosmological argument?

A

1948, 2 philosophers involved to take part in a radio debate about the existence of god. One was a catholic priests and the other a member of the English aristocracy. Started by agreeing on a definition of god, as ‘a supreme personal being- distinct from the world and creator of the world’. Copleston argues universe could be explained. Only a contingent being can have a cause, God is his own sufficient reason and he isn’t a cause if himself.

Russell argues “I should say that the universe is just there, and that’s all!”

44
Q

What did mackie say about the cosmological argument?

A

Why can’t there be an endless series of causes. Railway train with infinite carriages, only move if there is an engine, why can’t we have endless series of causes?

45
Q

Who is Gottfried Leibniz?

A

German mathematician and philosopher.

46
Q

What did Leibniz think?

A

Saw the universe as a harmonious whole, which is essentially good. argued that god created this works as the best of all possible worlds.

47
Q

What is the principle of sufficient reason.

A

Is an explanation which itself requires no further explanation, a final answer

48
Q

Why did Leibniz think of the sufficient reason?

A

We require explanations and reasons, for things existing. You can give an explanation of why.

49
Q

What does the sufficient reason state?

A

For an entity which exists, there is a sufficient reason to explain its existence

For every event that happens, there is a sufficient reason to exclaim why the event happened

For every sentence that’s true, there is a sufficient explanation of why it is true,

50
Q

Leibniz summaries

A

Argues it makes no difference at all whether something was eternal or not, we still need a reason for it. Gives the example of existence of geometry books, to desmostare that for everything we can think of an explanation is required.

51
Q

Russell and copleston debate date and title

A

“A debate on the existence of God” 1957

52
Q

Paul Tillich argument about the cosmological

A

Speaks of god as “the ground of being”. He sees god as the ultimate explanation of the universe which van explain why things are, not just how they began.

53
Q

William temple criticism on the cosmological argument

A

Impossible to imagine infinity, we can understand the concept. We cannot conceive of a square circle as the 2 words are contradictory, but infinite doesn’t contradict regress,

54
Q

William temple quote about cosmological argument

A

“It is impossible to imagine infinite regress, but it is not impossible to conceive it”

55
Q

Kant criticism on cosmological argument

A

Every event must have a first cause only applies to the world of sense experience. There is no justification for 3 conclusion that god fairs the universe to begin.

56
Q

Ockhams razor on the cosmological argument

A

“Entities should not be multiplied unnecessarily”. One of the most basic levels, means that the simplest conclusion is the most likely answer,

57
Q

What did Russell call the universes existence?

A

A brute fact. And that is all

58
Q

Fideism link to cosmological argument

A

Fideism is the idea that religious beliefs cannot be justified throigh rational means, only through faith.

59
Q

Strengths of the cosmological argument

A

Starts off well- experiences. Starting point is undoubtably (vardy)

Science- not in conflict with science. Believes concept of the Big Bang

Draws on evidence that we can all experience

Ockams razor- simplest explanation.

60
Q

Weaknesses of the cosmological argument

A

Inductive reasoning, conclusion does necessarily follow the premises.

Russell criticises Leibniz- just because everyone has a mother doesn’t mean that human species as a whole has a mother.

Attempts to answer a question “that has no meaning” Russell

61
Q

Kennys book

A

The five ways 1965

62
Q

What does Kant think about the cosmological argument?

A

Agrees with humes reasoning. Supreme being is the cause of the universe, it cannot apple to something we haven’t experiences. Therefore cosmological goes behind evidence, Hume and Kant identify that due to our inability to observe the abuse the the universe, we are lacking any empirical evidence for god as the first cause

63
Q

What are tenants Modern adaptations?

A

Aesthetic principle
And
Anthropic principle, with polkinghorne

64
Q

What is the aesthetic principle

A

Natural appreciation that humans have for things are proof that god exists,
Things such as cosmetics used to enhance human beauty. It’s not beneficial for survival so why do we like it?

65
Q

Weaknesses of the aesthetic principle

Kant

A

Kant: how can we be sure order exists, humans naturally categories and ordered experiences, god didn’t give us order

66
Q

Weaknesses of the aesthetic principle

Vardy

A

Perception of beauty is simply a result of natural and cultural conditioning

67
Q

Weaknesses of the aesthetic principle

Dawkins

A

Beauty and order is a result of natural selection, not gods ideas.

68
Q

What is the anthropic principle

A

Tennant and polkinghorne thought of this.

The view that a universe exists for the same human kind and is particularly adapted to purpose

69
Q

Who is polkinghorne

A

A nuclear physicist who became a priest

70
Q

Who is tennant

A

A British theologian in the 1930’s

71
Q

Weakness of anthropic principle

Dawkins

A

Put purpose into the world, “purpose tuned spectacle!

72
Q

Weaknesses of the anthropic principle

Kant has

A

World is in chaos, see purpose into the world

73
Q

Cicero quote for teleological argument

A

“Divine power is to be found in principle reason which pervades the wold of nature”

74
Q

What is design qua purpose in the teleological argument?

A

Man made things such like a clock, computer etc m and natural such as trees and eyes,

75
Q

What is design qua order in the teleological argument

A

Man made, such as law, time and numbers

Natural such as the water cycle, and the solar system

Philosophy (9 decks)

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