soul body and mind Flashcards
1
Q
soul
A
understood to be the non physical essence of a person
2
Q
consciousness
A
awareness or perception
3
Q
substance
A
a subject which has different properties to it
4
Q
dualism
A
belief that reality can be divided into physical and non physical- two parts
5
Q
substance dualism
A
body and mind separate substances
6
Q
scepticism
A
questioning approach which does not take assumptions for granted
7
Q
materialism
A
only physical matter exists
8
Q
reductive materialism
A
mental events are identical with physical occurrences in the brain
9
Q
category error
A
problem of language when talking about one thing in a category but it actually being from another category
10
Q
monism
A
only one kind of existence
11
Q
what does plato believe about the soul
A
its separate from the body
he is a dualist
12
Q
platos belief about the body
A
its controlled by unreliable and imperfect senses
-its always changing
-its a prison for the soul
13
Q
whats special about the soul for plato
A
-it can access the unchanging truth from the world of forms
-its immortal
-unchanging
14
Q
chariot analogy from plato
A
soul and body struggle like chariot controlling horses
-reason man controlling horses appetite and emotion
15
Q
what makes up soul for plato
A
-reason is man
-horses are spirit and appetite
tripartite view
16
Q
where does the soul long to go for plato
A
to the world of forms
17
Q
when are the body and soul in harmony for plato
A
when reason in control of appetite and spirit
18
Q
when is there disharmony of the body and soul for plato
A
when spirit and appetite of the physical body overtake reason
19
Q
how does soul end up in body from world of forms
A
-gets pulled by desire and ends up in world
-never ending cycle of birth rebirth and death
20
Q
where can the soul go after death for plato
A
it can be born into another body or return to the world of forms
21
Q
what does plato say in phaedo about soul and body
A
-every quality comes into being from opposite
-why body necessary for soul to come
-every bigger thing comes from smaller thing
-body vessel for soul but also prison
22
Q
meno and the slave boy scenario for plato
A
-slave boy solved geometry problem even though hes uneducated
-knew from his true innate knowledge from world of forms
22
Q
myth of ER for plato
A
soldier died in battle and body not found but day of funeral he rose from dead and told everyone about experience of afterlife
-good rewarded
bad punished
-some so bad not released
-only philosophical benefited from cycle
-
23
Q
message from myth of ER
A
-importance of seeking wisdom for soul to benefit
-each person has decision to make and takes reposnsilibity of it
-some given special drink to forget life and er not
24
platos argument of opposites
-light and dark
-soul and body
-must be something after life
-afterlife - world of forms- soul moving there
25
argument against argument of opposites
assumes everything has an opposite
-whats opposite of blue
-no need to assume soul exists or is opposite of body
26
inner conflict argument as strength for platos view there is separate soul
-describes human experience as inner conflict
-choosing not do to stuff
could mean reason not in control of soul
27
argument against inner conflict argument for soul existing plato
-inner conflict could be emotion
-personality type or lack of maturity
-we are more swayed by emotions rather than there being immaterial soul
28
reason and soul being in harmony argument for plato soul existing
-when reason in control soul in harmony
-spirit shows courage and reason control appetite
-as we become mature and make rational decisions we feel more unified
-therefore there is soul more important than body in control of wants and desires of material body
29
argument against reason and soul being in harmony for soul existing plato
-no verifiable evidence of immaterial soul and something extra beyond physical body
30
anamnesis as strength for soul existing plato
-soul using reason can access knowledge form world of forms
-a priori true knowledge
-we know perfect concepts because weve learned them before
31
argument against anamnesis for soul existing plato
-Peter Geach- how can a disembodied soul see the forms when seeing is a physical process
-meno- slave boy could solve problem by learning not recalling- hasnt recalled for sure
32
platos argument of recollection for soul existing
-meno slave boy
-born with perfect concepts
-soul was in world of forms and thats how we know perfect concepts
-dim recollection from world of forms
-true knowledge a priori
-
33
argument against anamnesis for soul
-justice and beauty subjective
--beauty and morality subjective
-matters of opinion
-culture determines what person finds nice
-differ cross culturally
-different views which doesnt make it objectively perfect
34
argument for math not being subjective
-math not subjective
-perfect circles and lines
-knowledge of math perfect
35
humes response of subjective perfection
-we could create idea of perfection in our minds
-take concept of imperfect and think opposite
-math comes from experience
-seen shapes so could solved problem- menos
36
evolution for against perfect true knowledge
--even if we are born with perfect concepts
-soul or WOF not best explanation
-evolution could have programmed us to have sense of morality, beauty
37
platos theory lacking empirical validity against soul existing
-aristotle- success of four causes shows WOF not needed
-ockhams razor- dont believe in things hard to understand
-rejects separation of form from things
-formal cause body
-soul cant be separated from body
38
how did aristotle conclude the soul exists
he used his senses and experience
39
what did aristotole believe about the soul
-its the form of the body
-gives matter form
efficiancy and telos
-cannot be separated from body
-does not live on into afterlife
-capabilities of body
40
aristotles analogy of wax and seal
-wax is matter
-shape of seal is form
-cannot separate shape of seal and stamp
41
what did aristotle believe about form
-everything was made of a material cause and formal cause
42
soul and body ad causes
soul formal cause
body material cause
43
how does the soul die
because of change in formal cause and material cause
44
bertrand russell example supporting materialism
-football cant be without footballer
-red apple cant be without red
45
different types of souls for aristotle
-things that can grow (vegitative)
-things that fulfill own desires ( appetitive)
-intellect only found in human souls (rational)
46
quote from de anima for soul
it follows that the soul and body cannot be separated
47
what makes all humans same for aristotle
-the soul is constant but the physical body has changes
48
whats psyche
-soul
-continuing identity
-essence
49
arguments for aristotles view of the soul being succesfull
-soul formal cause so essential gives body material cause its formal cause- wax and seal analogy, bertrand russell
-body and soul cant be spearated because both essential for living, wax and seal analogy, no need for afterlife
-because they are one when body dies soul dies which explains physical difference of dead person
50
elizabeth anscombe argument arguing in favour of aristotles view on the soul
--supports idea of soul being essential like intention
-action of pointing physical there must be soul which leads intention for action to take place
51
arguments against Aristotle view of soul being unsussecfull
-materialists argue only physical matter so no need for soul
-plato argues soul escapes prison body and reincarnates or returns back to WOF
-materialists argue no need for soul because difference between living and dead is that their alive or dead physically not soul
52
F.Bacon argument of formal cause not being scientific against aristotle soul
-claimed formal causation metaphysical matter beyond empirical study
-whiteness of snow- science can only explain efficient cause but form of whiteness beyond science
-modern science further than Bacon
-no reason to believe formal cause exists at all, form can be reduced to atoms so efficient and material cause
-neuroscientists say rationality reduces to material brain and physical processes
53
argument against F Bacon for aristotle
-science cant explain how conciousness and rational reduced to material brain processes
-brain complicated- reason and things not yet understood
-cannot dismiss aristotles ideas
54
argument further defending F Bacon against aristotle
-scientific evidence links reason to physical processes
-so much of brain we dont know so more reasonable to assume reason due to physical processes and not extra soul
55
what do substance dualists think
the mind and body are two different substances
56
cogito for descartes being a substance dualist
i think therefore i am
-mind place of thinking so decided mind was essence of himself so he must exist
-
57
why was descartes a substance dualist
-physical body not effected by mind and voce versa
-mind cant be divided but body can
-thinking mind can be separated from body so different
-mind immaterial
body material substance
58
what connected the body and mind for descartes
-the pineal gland
-home of singular thoughts as well as where imagination and common sense if found
59
mediations 1 and 2
1-skepticism starts
2-only sure he exists
60
leibniz law supporting descartes
-if 2 things dont have a certain property that make them same then they are defo 2 different things
61
hyperbolic doubt
-think of all known and reject what you dont know for certain
-descartes
62
le monde descartes
-first book about physics and fundamental laws of nature
63
descartes quote from discourse book
-i my soul what i am made of is entirely different from my body
BOOM
64
animal spirits in pineal gland
pineal gland has animal spirits that control memory, movement
-principle of set of soul
strength of singularity of pineal gland
65
arguments arguing the body and mind are seperate substances
-immaterial and material treated differently body can be split but mind singularyl whole so must be different
-thinking being must have 2 parts that makes them- personhood
-pineal gland interaction- solves problem of immaterial and material substance connection
66
arguments against the mind and body being separate substances
-loss of body can effect mind like war trauma so not treated differently
-recognition from others not from mind by physical features so dont only make personhood
-medical function of pineal gland hormones for sleep
-gilbert Ryle- ghost machine how can immaterial mind connect with material mind
67
argument of descartes indivisibilty
-physical substance divisible
-mind indivisible
-leibniz law states identical must have same property
-mind and body not same therefore different and separate
68
counter argument to descartes indivisibilty
-mind is divisible- perception and memory emotions same properties as body has as both divisible
69
descartes response to counter indivisibiilty
-descartes not talking about mind but concionsness and memory and perception from same undivided mind
70
further counter against descartes indivisibilty argument
-research shows right and left hemisphere of brain connected by corpus collosum neurons
-different behaviour from both sides
71
descartes conciovabiltity argument
I have a clear and distinct idea of myself as a thinking non-extended thing.
P2. I have a clear and distinct idea of my body as a non-thinking extended thing.
C1. These opposing properties allow us to conceive of the mind separate to and without the body.
P3. What is conceivably separate is possibly separate.
P4. What is possibly separate is actually non-identical.
C2. Therefore, the mind and body are not identical
72
weakness of descartes convievanility argument
-masked man fallacy
-whats conciovably is possible so we can concieve of impossible
73
defense of descartes convievabikity argument
-only can conceive of impossible due to ignorance and if we have clear idea of mind we cannot make ignorant assumptions and mistakes
74
further criticism of descartes conveivability
-descartes assumes mind material substance where has property of thinking
-neuroscience says thinking unconsious and we dont conciously know of it
-know mind non extended to prove mind is non extended strength of masked man fallacy
75
descartes interaction argument for
-reactions and reflexes require no physical substance to causally effect and interact with physical substance
-descartes solves with pineal gland
76
argument against descartes interaction argument
-no evidence for pineal gland causing interaction
-answers where not how they interact so findementally weak
-physicists- casually closed universe but mind outside of universe so would break 2nd law to cause interaction but not possible
77
Gilbert Ryle examples for category error
ghost cant ride machine for immeterial mind not being able to interact with material mind
-cant see team spirit in cricket team for thinking mind has to be non physical thing because its not like body
78
what does ryle believe about the mind
-body and mind not different but description of what it means to be conciouss thinking being
79
category error Ryle
in language and descartes wrong
-error of thinking beyong physical body exists
-
80
what type of philosopher is Ryle
a philosophical behaviouralist
-says mind doesnt refer to thing but sets of behavioural despositions
-brittlness of glass cant be described so not for mind either
81
argument against Ryle for category error
mind not set of dispositions to reductive to assume only that
-ignores feeling of mind existing beyong physical state
82
defense of Ryle for category error
-points out descartes assumption mind not thing
-descartes conclusions need more justification
83
arguments arguing it is category error for talking about body and mind as separate substances
-personhood has physical and mental, thinking me cant be categorised, like ghost trying to work a machine
-use of language innacurate, category error because body and mind cant be described the same way
-body and mind both describe personhood so not separate
84
arguments arguing against it being category error to talk about mind and body being separate substances
-thinking part immaterial and body material, talking about them separatly helps understand personhood and what makes me me
-physical mind and mental mind different and perform different tasks so must be different
-doubt but still know you exist so must be separate
85
strengths of materialism
-functional magnetic scanners show movement in brain when memory, emotion, perception so shows caused by physical activity in brain
-nothing ekse than no need for afterlife
-thoughts from brain NAS put throat sensors to read persons thoughts
86
weaknesses of materialism
-even if all physical functions doesnt show how they come and intention behind it, nerve functions dont have desire or intention
-materilism limits to this world, metaphysical realms of religious experiences of paranoma
-dawkins says scientists will find out consiousness but same as people who use soul as solution
87
Daniel Dennet against substance dualism
catersian thearte seeing your life and what you can do but not right as mind doesnt work like this
88
Daniel Dennet for materialism
-no place in mind where subjective experiences or conciousness happens
-at some point psychologists will be able to see what happens
89
identity theory
claims all mental activity is in brain
-physical organ altered by psychological effects like drugs and can alter behaviour and mood
-this is what dualists link to conciounsness
90
Soul 1 for dawkins
-why humans rational
ancient
-describes mysterious life forces
91
soul 2 for dawkins
-intellect or mental abilities
-will be explained by scientists soon
-metaphorical
explains physical processes
92
susan blackmore on conciousness
-a delusion whenw e describe it as thinking or looking for something that doesnt exist
last great problem for scientists that they will solve
-
93
Dawkins view on body and mind
-hes a materialist
-only material beings that have DNA
-soul 1 rejected
-soul 2 metaphorical for deep part of our mind and personality where essence of humanity is
94
david chalmers criticism of dawkins materialism
-easy problem of consiousness- finding out which brain process is responsible process like memory and perception
-hard problem of conc - what brain process responsible for concioussn itself
-failure to solve hard problem means there must be something extra
95
defense of dawkins against david chalmers
-dark matter- dont assume something non physical might exist
-neuroscience young science
-no evidence for non physical thing
-if we find out more answer in physical brain
96
platos cycle of opposites and criticism
=everything changes, balance , must be soul cycling between life and death
-life and death not objective qualities but different arrangement of atoms, cannot be opposites
-platos argument fails because not aware of modern physics
97
materialism best approach for problem of soul body and mind
-no need to assume something extra beyond soul- science-NASA throat
-dennet dawkins and blackmore conciounsess not found in single place but process of brain
-immaterial soul not evidence so how would you know it existed
-if something extra thats my essence but not physical how can you use language to talk about it
98
dualism best approach for soul body and mind
-anscombe and intention- must be something beyond physical
-mind cannot be divided according to descartes
-plato says evidence of emption or self control evidence of immortal soul
-aristotle- soul not opposite immaterial substance of body but animaotion and intention behind physical material , stationary and moving car look same but soul animating principle
99
logical privacy
no one other than me can know my thoughts
100
subjecticity
-my experiences are from first person point of view
101
qualia
-how an experience feels to person who has experience
102
platos linguistic argument
-i have a body- refer to ourselves as i as in mind but physical body separate
-difference between user and out bodies
-wittgenstien- looking to much into language
103
property dualism- Frank Jackson
-only physical brain but has mental and physical side to it
104
