Sosnowski Cellular Injury and Cancer Flashcards
this specific type of receptor has intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
growth factors
specific growth promoting genes
FOS, JUN, MYC
growth promoting gatekeeper gene, produces oncogenes
proto-oncogenes
growth-inhibiting gatekeeper gene
tumor suppressor gene
examples of tumor suppressor genes
Rb (retinoblastoma), p53, BRCA1 and 2
gatekeeper genes that are programmed for genetic cell death
genes involved w/ apoptosis
example of genes involved in apoptosis
BCL-2 and p53
these genes maintain homeostasis of cell
gatekeeper/house keeping genes
only housekeeping gene not found in nucleus, but rather mitochondria
BCL-2
majority of our cells are stuck in what phase of cell cycle
interphase (G0)
what controls the cell cycle
cyclins, CDKs
what specific cyclin controls on/off switch of retinoblastoma protein
Cyclin D
cell cycle is turned off when RB is hyper or hypo- phosphorylated
hypophosphorylated
cell cycle is turned on when RB is what
hyperphosphorylated
an increase in the number of cells in a tissue
hyperplasia
examples of hyperplasia in the body (specific organs)
liver and skin and smooth m.
difference b/t arterioles and venules
venules have bigger diameter
an increase in the size of the cell, not in number of cells
hypertrophy
hypertrophy capable tissues
muscle, breast, liver, bladder, uterus, kidney
what experiences both hyperplasia and hypertrophy during pregnancy
uterus
a reversible change from one tissue to another normal tissue to better cope w/ the extra cellular environment
metaplasia
most common type of metaplasia
columnar to squamous and vice versa
where does metaplasia likely happen
esophagus (Barrett’s esophagus) and cervix
2 main HPV types that cause cervical cancer
HPV 16 and 18
dysplasia in the cervix
HPV
2 proteins made from HPV that are associated with cervical cancer
E6 and E7
this protein made from HPV inhibits p53
E6
this protein made from HPV inhibits Rb
E7
fat storage disease (ex. fatty liver)
steatosis
storage disease caused by enzyme deficiency and buildup of substrate
lysosomal storage disease
macrophages that store iron, accumulation of indigestible materials
siderophages
cancer confined to an epithelium restricted in growth by basement membrane (disordered growth)
dysplasia
ex of dysplasia in the colon
colon polyp
decrease in tissue size
atrophy
this pathway is upregulated during atrophy
ubiquitin-protease pathway
ex. of brain atrophy
Alzheimer’s (dementia)
this leads to irreversible cell membrane rupture
necrosis
procaspase 8 to caspase 8 to apoptosis
cell membrane receptor triggered apoptosis
cytochrome c in the mitochondria becomes destructive and in turn activates Bax and BCL-2, which activates Apaf-1 then procaspase 9 to caspase 9 then apoptosis
cell damage triggered apoptosis
leads to mitochondrial damage
cytochrome c
p53 up-regulation of Bax, Bad, and Bak on mitochondrial membrane which activates Apaf-1 then procaspase 9 to caspase 9 then apoptosis
p53 initiated apoptosis (DNA Damaged apoptosis)
removes parts in cell form (apoptotic body) then macrophage binds and quickly removes w/ little inflammation
apoptosis
red and dead
necrosis
nucleosomes chop up DNA methodically
apoptosis
1st line of defense that happens at 24 hours
neutrophils (coagulative necrosis)
defense that happens at 48 hours
macrophages
defense that happens at 7 days and can last for weeks
granulation
what stain do you use to see fibrosis
trichrome
these look like cat paw prints on histologic slide at a high magnification
neutrophils
cancer that arises from connective tissue (ex. bone, muscle, nerves)
sarcoma
benign glandular tumor
adenoma
cancer that arises from epithelium
carcinoma
stains for abnormal and normal melanocytes (used to stain for melanoma-will stain brown)
HMB45; (Melan A)
mercedes benz sign on histologic slide meaning
mitotic body
what is most likely happening when you see mitotic bodies on a stained slide
cell division and proliferation
passage of cells through bloods vessels (think neutrophils accompanying inflammation)
diapedesis
new and abnormal growth of tissue
neoplasm
precancerous and restricted to basement membrane
dysplasia
dysplasia can lead to what if not removed or treated
neoplasia (cancer)
uncontrolled growth due to genetic mutations allowing cells to divide without genetic control, recruit blood vessels into new growth, invade locally w/in tissues w/ tissue destruction (necrosis) and spread to distant organs (metastasis)
cancer (and tumor)
neoplastic cells are darkly stained nuclei (blue) and cytoplasm (red) w/ H and E stain
hyperchromatic
neoplastic cells have variation in cell shape
pleomorphism
poorly differentiated malignant neoplastic cells that have hyperchromatic and pleomorphic features
anaplasia
neoplastic cells closely resemble normal cells (low grade cancer)
well-differentiated
neoplastic cells vary greatly from normal cells; chaos (high grade cancer)
poorly/undifferentiated cancer
example of benign tumor that doesn’t fit normal definition of small (also encapsulated w/ normal borders)
ovarian cyst adenoma
cells that form an organ or tissue
parenchyma
supporting cells of parenchyma
stroma
benign tumor that arises from smooth muscle
leiomyoma
benign tumor that arises from skeletal muscle
rhabdomyoma
example of adenoma in colon
colon polyps
example of papilloma
skin tags
“perfect example” of an adenoma
thyroid adenoma
highest grade of dysplasia, still has not breached basement membrane
carcinoma in situ
malignant tumor that arises from cartilage
chondrosarcoma
classification of tumors
TNM
tumor size
lymph nodes
mestasases
normal cells just in an abnormal configuration w/in site of origin
hamartoma
normal cells but in a different site than origin
heterotopic rests
reactive cells that form a mass (ex. granuloma)
pseuodotumor
