Sosnowski Cellular Injury and Cancer

Question 1

this specific type of receptor has intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity

Answer 1

growth factors

Question 2

specific growth promoting genes

Answer 2

FOS, JUN, MYC

Question 3

growth promoting gatekeeper gene, produces oncogenes

Answer 3

proto-oncogenes

Question 4

growth-inhibiting gatekeeper gene

Answer 4

tumor suppressor gene

Question 5

examples of tumor suppressor genes

Answer 5

Rb (retinoblastoma), p53, BRCA1 and 2

Question 6

gatekeeper genes that are programmed for genetic cell death

Answer 6

genes involved w/ apoptosis

Question 7

example of genes involved in apoptosis

Answer 7

BCL-2 and p53

Question 8

these genes maintain homeostasis of cell

Answer 8

gatekeeper/house keeping genes

Question 9

only housekeeping gene not found in nucleus, but rather mitochondria

Answer 9

BCL-2

Question 10

majority of our cells are stuck in what phase of cell cycle

Answer 10

interphase (G0)

Question 11

what controls the cell cycle

Answer 11

cyclins, CDKs

Question 12

what specific cyclin controls on/off switch of retinoblastoma protein

Answer 12

Cyclin D

Question 13

cell cycle is turned off when RB is hyper or hypo- phosphorylated

Answer 13

hypophosphorylated

Question 14

cell cycle is turned on when RB is what

Answer 14

hyperphosphorylated

Question 15

an increase in the number of cells in a tissue

Answer 15

hyperplasia

Question 16

examples of hyperplasia in the body (specific organs)

Answer 16

liver and skin and smooth m.

Question 17

difference b/t arterioles and venules

Answer 17

venules have bigger diameter

Question 18

an increase in the size of the cell, not in number of cells

Answer 18

hypertrophy

Question 19

hypertrophy capable tissues

Answer 19

muscle, breast, liver, bladder, uterus, kidney

Question 20

what experiences both hyperplasia and hypertrophy during pregnancy

Answer 20

uterus

Question 21

a reversible change from one tissue to another normal tissue to better cope w/ the extra cellular environment

Answer 21

metaplasia

Question 22

most common type of metaplasia

Answer 22

columnar to squamous and vice versa

Question 23

where does metaplasia likely happen

Answer 23

esophagus (Barrett’s esophagus) and cervix

Question 24

2 main HPV types that cause cervical cancer

Answer 24

HPV 16 and 18

Question 25

dysplasia in the cervix

Answer 25

HPV

Question 26

2 proteins made from HPV that are associated with cervical cancer

Answer 26

E6 and E7

Question 27

this protein made from HPV inhibits p53

Answer 27

E6

Question 28

this protein made from HPV inhibits Rb

Answer 28

E7

Question 29

fat storage disease (ex. fatty liver)

Answer 29

steatosis

Question 30

storage disease caused by enzyme deficiency and buildup of substrate

Answer 30

lysosomal storage disease

Question 31

macrophages that store iron, accumulation of indigestible materials

Answer 31

siderophages

Question 32

cancer confined to an epithelium restricted in growth by basement membrane (disordered growth)

Answer 32

dysplasia

Question 33

ex of dysplasia in the colon

Answer 33

colon polyp

Question 34

decrease in tissue size

Answer 34

atrophy

Question 35

this pathway is upregulated during atrophy

Answer 35

ubiquitin-protease pathway

Question 36

ex. of brain atrophy

Answer 36

Alzheimer's (dementia)

Question 37

this leads to irreversible cell membrane rupture

Answer 37

necrosis

Question 38

procaspase 8 to caspase 8 to apoptosis

Answer 38

cell membrane receptor triggered apoptosis

Question 39

cytochrome c in the mitochondria becomes destructive and in turn activates Bax and BCL-2, which activates Apaf-1 then procaspase 9 to caspase 9 then apoptosis

Answer 39

cell damage triggered apoptosis

Question 40

leads to mitochondrial damage

Answer 40

cytochrome c

Question 41

p53 up-regulation of Bax, Bad, and Bak on mitochondrial membrane which activates Apaf-1 then procaspase 9 to caspase 9 then apoptosis

Answer 41

p53 initiated apoptosis (DNA Damaged apoptosis)

Question 42

removes parts in cell form (apoptotic body) then macrophage binds and quickly removes w/ little inflammation

Answer 42

apoptosis

Question 43

red and dead

Answer 43

necrosis

Question 44

nucleosomes chop up DNA methodically

Answer 44

apoptosis

Question 45

1st line of defense that happens at 24 hours

Answer 45

neutrophils (coagulative necrosis)

Question 46

defense that happens at 48 hours

Answer 46

macrophages

Question 47

defense that happens at 7 days and can last for weeks

Answer 47

granulation

Question 48

what stain do you use to see fibrosis

Answer 48

trichrome

Question 49

these look like cat paw prints on histologic slide at a high magnification

Answer 49

neutrophils

Question 50

cancer that arises from connective tissue (ex. bone, muscle, nerves)

Answer 50

sarcoma

Question 51

benign glandular tumor

Answer 51

adenoma

Question 52

cancer that arises from epithelium

Answer 52

carcinoma

Question 53

stains for abnormal and normal melanocytes (used to stain for melanoma-will stain brown)

Answer 53

HMB45; (Melan A)

Question 54

mercedes benz sign on histologic slide meaning

Answer 54

mitotic body

Question 55

what is most likely happening when you see mitotic bodies on a stained slide

Answer 55

cell division and proliferation

Question 56

passage of cells through bloods vessels (think neutrophils accompanying inflammation)

Answer 56

diapedesis

Question 57

new and abnormal growth of tissue

Answer 57

neoplasm

Question 58

precancerous and restricted to basement membrane

Answer 58

dysplasia

Question 59

dysplasia can lead to what if not removed or treated

Answer 59

neoplasia (cancer)

Question 60

uncontrolled growth due to genetic mutations allowing cells to divide without genetic control, recruit blood vessels into new growth, invade locally w/in tissues w/ tissue destruction (necrosis) and spread to distant organs (metastasis)

Answer 60

cancer (and tumor)

Question 61

neoplastic cells are darkly stained nuclei (blue) and cytoplasm (red) w/ H and E stain

Answer 61

hyperchromatic

Question 62

neoplastic cells have variation in cell shape

Answer 62

pleomorphism

Question 63

poorly differentiated malignant neoplastic cells that have hyperchromatic and pleomorphic features

Answer 63

anaplasia

Question 64

neoplastic cells closely resemble normal cells (low grade cancer)

Answer 64

well-differentiated

Question 65

neoplastic cells vary greatly from normal cells; chaos (high grade cancer)

Answer 65

poorly/undifferentiated cancer

Question 66

example of benign tumor that doesn't fit normal definition of small (also encapsulated w/ normal borders)

Answer 66

ovarian cyst adenoma

Question 67

cells that form an organ or tissue

Answer 67

parenchyma

Question 68

supporting cells of parenchyma

Answer 68

stroma

Question 69

benign tumor that arises from smooth muscle

Answer 69

leiomyoma

Question 70

benign tumor that arises from skeletal muscle

Answer 70

rhabdomyoma

Question 71

example of adenoma in colon

Answer 71

colon polyps

Question 72

example of papilloma

Answer 72

skin tags

Question 73

"perfect example" of an adenoma

Answer 73

thyroid adenoma

Question 74

highest grade of dysplasia, still has not breached basement membrane

Answer 74

carcinoma in situ

Question 75

malignant tumor that arises from cartilage

Answer 75

chondrosarcoma

Question 76

classification of tumors

Answer 76

TNM tumor size lymph nodes mestasases

Question 77

normal cells just in an abnormal configuration w/in site of origin

Answer 77

hamartoma

Question 78

normal cells but in a different site than origin

Answer 78

heterotopic rests

Question 79

reactive cells that form a mass (ex. granuloma)

Answer 79

pseuodotumor