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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the two laws of thermodynamics?

A

1-energy cannot be created or destroyed(tranformed)
2-closed energy(nothing coming in or out) will increase is entropy(disorder) over time due to energy transformation

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2
Q

what are the two forms of energy?

A

potential energy and kinetic energy

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3
Q

define potential energy

A

store energy within system (function of order) bricks to wall analogy

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4
Q

define kinetic enegry

A

energy in process of doing work

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5
Q

order and potential energy?
AB —— A+B

A

AB has more order and more potential energy
A+B has less order less potential energy

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6
Q

2 ways to get energetic reaction started

A

1- increase temperature
2-lower activation energy with catalyst(enzyme)

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7
Q

define cofactors

A

inorganic compound required to bind to enzyme to activate site

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8
Q

define coenzyme

A

organic compound required to bond to enzyme to activate site

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9
Q

how to get
C+D ———CD

A

need energy and enzyme

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10
Q

define cellular respiration (aerobic)

A

breakdown of organic molecules into CO2 and H2O, releasing their energy +using energy to make energy carrying molecule called adenosine triphosphate(ATP)

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11
Q

define phosphorication

A

adding phosphate to something

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12
Q

4 processes in cell respiration

A

glycolysis, pyruvatcoxidation, kreb cycle/citric acid cycle, oxidation phosphorylation

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13
Q

what 5 things should you know about cell respiration proccesses?

A
  1. where it occurs
  2. what it starts with
  3. what you should get out of it(product)
  4. function of named molecules
  5. overall picture (making ATP)
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14
Q

define glycolysis and should know?

A

occurs in cytoplasm. breaking down sugar.
1. occurs in cytoplasm
2. starts with glucose 2 ADP+ 2Pi, 2NAD+
3. get 2 pyruvate, 2ATP,2NADH
4. function high energy
5. to make ATP

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15
Q

define nicotinemide adeninic dinuchotide

A

NAD. bonds to H to get NADH which is a high energy elctron carrier.

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16
Q

define pyruvate oxidations and should know?

A
  1. Mitochondrial matrix
  2. 3C pyruvate +CoA, NAD+
  3. 2C Acetal CoA, CO2, NADH
  4. prepares it to move into citric acid cycle
  5. make ATP with exer and endo process
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17
Q

define citric acid cycle and should know

A
  1. matrix
  2. 2C acetal CoA, 1ADP+Pi, 3NAD+, FAD
  3. ATP, 3NADH, FADH2, 2CO2, CoA
  4. make NADH
    5.make ATP, NADH, FADH2
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18
Q

define oxidation phosphorylation and should know

A
  1. inner membrane of mito
    2.
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19
Q

2 steps of oxydative phosphorylation

A

generate proton motive force and chemiosmosis

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20
Q

define proton motive force

A

take high enegry electrons from NADH and FADH2, pass down electron transport chain (high to low energy state) so it releases energy used to pump H+ ions from matrix into inner membrane space creating [H+] gradient

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21
Q

define chemiosmosis

A

energy from proton motive force used to phosphorylate ADP

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22
Q

how mamy ATP and NADH from glucose

A

6NADH- 18 ATP
36 ATP MAX(if none used)
29 ATP most times

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23
Q

anerobic respiration(w/o oxygen) by who and how?

A

bacteria using non- O2 final electron acceptor(SO4, NO3) that create cellular energy

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24
Q

define fermentation

A

ATP production through glycolysis by oxidizing NADH. the breaking down of sugar molecules into simpler compounds to produce substances that can be used in making chemical energy

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25
Q

2 types of fermentation

A

alcoholic fermentation and non alcoholic fermentation

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26
Q

define alcoholic fermentation

A

start with Glucose+ 2NAD+, 2ADP+Pi then use glycolysis to get 2NADH, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP then break off CO2 while making ethanol , break 2NADH to 2NAD+ so we can redo cycle

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27
Q

define nonalcoholic fermentation

A

start with glucose +2NAD+, 2ADP+2Pi then do glycolysis and get 2NADH, 2 pyruvate, 2ATP then turn that into lactic acid (3C) then turn 2NADH into 2NAD+ to do cycle again(HUMANS DO WHEN USING MUSCLES W/O ENOUGH OXYGEN)

28
Q

define hydrolysis

A

using water to break molecules

29
Q

define lipid metabolism

A

triglycerides->+3H2O(hydrolysis)->3 long chain fatty acids +glycerol(3C) where ATP turns to ADP making it 3C-1P

30
Q

glucose vs fats

A

polar. nonpolar
small. large
4k(killa)cal/g. 9kcal/g

31
Q

define protien metabolism

A

dietary protien- digested-> amino acids(-excess->energy)->make protiens

32
Q

3 approaches to removing NH3(nitrogenous waste aka amonia)

A
  1. fish/some amphibians/aquatic insects- bacteria clean out of water since its their food
  2. mammal/some amphibians- NH3+H2O-> urea. nontoxic soluble in H2O
  3. reptile/birds/terrestrial insects-NH3->urea-> uric acid(pasty solid) dont want to waste water
33
Q

2 approaches to regulation of metabolic process

A

simple equilibrium dynamics and feedback inhibition

34
Q

define simple equilibrium dynamics

A

AB(->/<- with enzyme)A+B. (equilibrium reaction) if add AB make more A+B. remove A+B make more AB. remove A and/or B shift right
state of balance between opposing forces where a system can operate at its best by adjusting to achieve its desired outcome

35
Q

define feedback inhibition

A

at [high] product binds to inhibition site on an enzyme and lowers its affinity to reactants so more of it needed and reaction is slowed

36
Q

photosynthesis formula and what is opposite?

A

6H2O+6CO2-light->C6H12O6(glucose)+6O2
opposite is cellular respiration

37
Q

2 major steps of photosynthesis

A

light dependent reactions and light independent reactions

38
Q

define light dependent reactions

A

(LDR) energy from light is captured and used to create ATP+NADPH

39
Q

define light independent reaction and formula

A

(LIR)-ATP+NADPH+CO2-> sugar
use stored chemical energy from the light-dependent reactions to “fix” CO2 and create a product that can be converted into glucose

40
Q

what is photosynthesis done by?

A

plants, algae, photosynthesis bacteria, and cyanobacteria

41
Q

light definition

A

electromagnetic energy traveling in packets of enegry (photon) that move in waves (visible-400nm-740nm)

42
Q

how can photon become energy source?

A

it must strike electron in photosynthesis pigment molecule

43
Q

how is photon of light reflected or absorbed in pigment molecule?

A

reflected if frequency of photon is not equal to frequency of electron, absorbed of frequency of photon does equal frequency of electron. generates high energy electron=excited electron

44
Q

main photosynthetic pigment? used by who?

A

chlorophyll A- 420nm(red)+680nm(blue) by all eukaryotes +cyanobacteria

45
Q

define absorption spectrum

A

wavelengths of light used by specific pigment

46
Q

define action spectrum

A

total light used by plant. which wavelengths of light are most effective in driving a biological process

47
Q

where light dependent reactions happen

A

on thylakoid membrane or on membrane of prokaryotes in photosystems

48
Q

define photosystems

A

clusters of photosynthetic pigments imbedded in TMP. have a reaction center chlorophyll which generates excited e-. and antenna complex which captures light energy+transports to rxn center chlorophyll

49
Q

3 known photosystems

A

P870-photosynthetic bacteria
P680-all eukaryotes(photosystem 2)
P700- all cyanobacteria(photosystem 1)

50
Q

2 versions of LDR

A

cyclic photophosphorylation and noncyclic photophosphorylation

51
Q

define cyclic photophosphorylation and product

A

light strikes antenna complex of P870,energy is absorbed, energy is transferred to RCC, which generates 1excited e-, e- to ETC, ETC takes electron to low energy stage on P870, energy is used to pump H across membrane generating a proton motive force
ATP

52
Q

define noncyclic photophosphorylation and 2 products

A

light strikes AC in P680, energy->RCC, RCC passes two excited e- -> ETC, energy also used to split water generating both ATP and NADPH, ETC-> e- to low energy state on P700, light in P700 generates two excited e-
ATP and NADPH

53
Q

define great oxidation event

A

4.5 bill yrs planet->3.3 billyrs first life(in rocks) NO EVIDENCE OF OXYGEN->2.7 billyrs first cyanobacteria-> 2.2 billyrs eukaryote fossils found so cyano made enough O2 to be breathable at this time

54
Q

define carbon fixation

A

converting inorganic carbon into organic

55
Q

light independent reaction(calvin cycle) formula and relation to carbon

A

6CO2+12NADPH+18ATP->C6H12O6
every turn of calvin cycle fixes one carbon atom

56
Q

exergonic reaction vs endergonic

A

An exergonic reaction releases energy and is considered spontaneous, while an endergonic reaction absorbs energy and is non-spontaneous, meaning it requires an external energy input to proceed

57
Q

describe graph of exergonic energy

A

y axis- potential energy
xaxis- time
top left starts AB which experiences a catalyst making a hump of activation energy in line then continues back down to bottom right where A+B is

58
Q

define activation energy

A

amount of enegry needed to make a reaction occur

59
Q

define enzyme substrate complex

A

when enzyme bonds with a substance

60
Q

describe process of AB -> A+B

A

AB binds to active site of ABace enzyme with coenzyme or cofactor. ABace will change shape and stress bond btwn AB until bond breaks and enzyme loses affinity to A+B and enzyme and A+B separate

61
Q

describe graph of endergonic reaction

A

top left AB to downslide of A+B while crossing paths of bottom lefts C+D line upslide to CD. and endergonic rxn needs exer to occur

62
Q

define cell respirations graph

A

top left organic molecule downslides to CO2+ H2O while crossing path of bottom lefts many ADP+Pi upslide to many ATP

63
Q

energy requiring process graph

A

top left many ATP downslides to many ADP+Pi while crossing line of bottom lefts relaxed muscle upslide to contracted muscle

64
Q

how many ATP per 1NADH and 1FADH2

A

1NADH-> 3ATP
1FADH2-> 2ATP

65
Q

reduction vs oxidation

A

reduction-gain of electrons
oxidation-loss of electrons

66
Q

diff btwn absorbtiom spectrum and action spectrum

A

Absorption Spectrum: Describes the wavelengths that are absorbed or the light that is harvested.
Action Spectrum: Describes the wavelengths that actually drive photosynthesis.

Biology (HONORS) (6 decks)

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