mutations

Question 1

define mutations

Answer 1

changes in genetic make up

Question 2

two types of mutations

Answer 2

point mutations and chromosomal mutations

Question 3

four types of point mutations

Answer 3

silent mutations, missense mutation, nonsense mutation, and frameshift mutations

Question 4

define silent mutation

Answer 4

do not alter protien or change amino acid

Question 5

define missense mutation and 3 effects

Answer 5

mutation resultsin different amino acid in protein.
- neutral mutation (no effcet)
-negative mutation (change amino and altersl
-postive mutation(enhances protein)

Question 6

define nonsense mutation

Answer 6

creates stop codon on mrna(stopping translation)

Question 7

define frameshift mutation

Answer 7

add extra addition of nucleiotides or loss changing next codon list which changes all amino acids

Question 8

define chromosomal mutations

Answer 8

changes in chromosomal structure or number

Question 9

describe chromosomal mutations

Answer 9

starts Af= ABCD. Am= abcd
can turn to abBCcd=duplication
AD= deletion
can be Bf= EFGH and go to EFGHBC= translocation
can turn ACBD=inversion(which is no longer regulated=tumor)

Question 10

define evolution

Answer 10

change in allelic frequency of a population overtime

Question 11

darwing 5 observations when studying nature

Answer 11

1. more indivi born in pop than will survive to reproduce
2. most pop stay relatively constant in size overtime(1 +2 struggle for existence)
3. indivi in pop vary by many heritable traits
   4.some trait varients allow their possesers to be more successful at surviving + reproducing (3+4 differential reproductive success)
4. these trait varients will become more common in future generations (logical conclusion)

Question 12

define evolution by natural selection

Answer 12

change in allelic frequency of a pop overtime due to differtial reproductive success w/i pop that is based on heritable variation

Question 13

what does natural selection require

Answer 13

differential reproductive success and variation

Question 14

where did variation come from

Answer 14

mutations(point+chromosomal) sexual reproduction (crossing over+independent assortment)

Question 15

define fittness

Answer 15

contribution to the genetic make up of future pop(ex: quanity of offspring, quality of offspring)(fittness shorthand)

Question 16

4 modes of natural selection

Answer 16

stablizing selection, directional selection, disruptive selection, balancing selection

Question 17

define stabilizing selection

Answer 17

NS acts to resist a change of allelic frequencies because mean phenotype is most fit. (no evo) (graph: y axis F, x axis R hump curve that gets taller bc middle best)

Question 18

define directional selection

Answer 18

NS acts to move mean phenotype towards one extreme of the range bc that extreme is most fit.(change in enviroment) (graph: same hump but moves to one side instead of up)

Question 19

define didtruptive selection

Answer 19

NS acts to create two or more genetically different forms in the pop bcaun phenotype is least fit(salmon ex)(graph: same hump but now it splits to both sides forming at least two humps)

Question 20

define balancing selection

Answer 20

NS acts to maintain genetic diversity in pop by farming heterozygotes or rare phenotypes(scale-eating fish)

Question 21

4 mechanisms for evolution other than NS

Answer 21

mutations, gene flow, genetic drift, and non random mating

Question 22

define gene flow

Answer 22

movement of alleles into or out of a pop(immigration wolves)

Question 23

define gentic drift

Answer 23

loss in genetic variation due to random events that prevent some individuals in pop from reproducing

Question 24

2 phenomenon of genetic drift

Answer 24

gentic bottle neck and founders effect

Question 25

define gentic bottle neck (gentic drift)

Answer 25

large catastrophic event wipes out a lot of genetic variation, surving pop has small subset of genetic variation of the original pop (elephant seal)

Question 26

define founders effect (gentic drift)

Answer 26

small subset of pop immigrates and forms new pop which is genetically different than previous pop

Question 27

non random mating 2 phenomenon

Answer 27

inbreeding depression and sexual selection

Question 28

define inbreeding depression (non random mating)

Answer 28

forced inbreeding due to small pop, social structure, limited dispersion leads to inbreedin depression which is enhanced expression of negative reccesive allele in pop due to inbreeding

Question 29

define sexual selection (non random mating)

Answer 29

NS that effects the sexes differently due to the differences in reproductive potentials of males and females.

Question 30

how is reproductive potentials determine in females

Answer 30

of eggs she can produce(limited)

Question 31

how is reproductive potentials determine in males

Answer 31

of femalese they can mate with

Question 32

what traits will NS favor?

Answer 32

ones that enhance the quality and/or quantity of offspring

Question 33

what is a female trait that enhances quantity

Answer 33

SIZE. ex fish

Question 34

what is a female trait that enhances quality

Answer 34

mate choice(choose high quality male so good offspring)

Question 35

what is a male trait that enhances quantity and quality

Answer 35

being competitive and getting all the ladies and being attractive

Question 36

define sexual dimorphism

Answer 36

occurance of non-gonadol differences btwn males and females

Question 37

3 versions of sexual dimorphism

Answer 37

1. female larger than male(more big=more eggs)
2. males are larger/have weapons(male/male competition)
3. males exhibit elaborate secondary sexual characteristics (females choose mate)

Question 38

define handicap hypothesis

Answer 38

ela sec sex chara serves as a reliable indicator of the quality of the males genes. NS favors females that prefer bright bold traits

Question 39

define sensory exploitation hypothesis

Answer 39

ela sec sex chara envolves bc they take advantage of an innate preference that is related to some non-reprodictive context (looks like food)