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Biology (HONORS) > cell division:mitosis:genetics > Flashcards

cell division:mitosis:genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

describe nature of eukaryotic dna

A

linear chromosomes that are made up of chromatin. 46(23 types A-W(shapes))

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2
Q

define allele

A

different versions of the same gene( Af(ather) Am(other) )

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3
Q

define homologous chromosomes

A

contain same gene traits( Af(ather) Am(other) )

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4
Q

define ploidy

A

number of sets of chromosomes in nucleus (ex: haploid-1 set, diploid-2 sets, triploid-3sets, tetraploid-4sets)

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5
Q

define haploid #

A

numbwr of chromosomes in a complete set

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6
Q

define cell cycle

A

generation of a cell to division of a cell

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7
Q

what are 3 stages of cell cycle

A

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

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8
Q

what are the three stages of interphase?

A

Gap(G1)
synthesis(S)
Gap(G2)

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9
Q

what happens during Gap(G1)

A

growth, normal cell stuff, massive production of enzymes for DNA replication

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10
Q

what happens during synthesis(S)

A

dna replicated centrials replicate(mtoc) making dyads

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11
Q

what happens during gap(g2)

A

growth, massive production of tubulin, mitochondria and chloroplast replicate

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12
Q

define dyad

A

2 sister chromosome held together by a centromere

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13
Q

define sister chromatids

A

exact copiesof each other

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14
Q

define centromere

A

contains kinetochore protiens and holds th sister chromatids

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15
Q

What are the 5 phases of mitosis(nuclear division)?

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telaphase+cytokinesis

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16
Q

what happens during prophase

A

chromosomes start to condense, centrioles move to opposite ends of cell, centrials produce polar microtubules+aster microtubules

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17
Q

what happens during prometaphase

A

nuclear envelope disappears, chromosomes finish conducting, centrials produce kinetochore microtubules, then spindle apparatus(p,a,k microtubules)

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18
Q

what happens during metaphase

A

k microtubules move dyads to center of the cell(metaphasis plate)

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19
Q

what happens durinf anaphase

A

polar microtubules get longer, centomere break, k microtubules shorten, pulls chromatids to opposite ends of cell

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20
Q

what happens during telephase+cytokinesis

A

chromatids reach opposite ends + get contained w/i nucleai, spindle apparatus disappear, chromatids decondense actin belt of metaphasic plate constricts to pinch cell in half(cytokinesis)

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21
Q

difference of plant cell division from animal?

A

the same except no centrials in MTOC, no aster fibers, cytokinesis occurs through cell plate formation

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22
Q

how to get a zygote?

A

sperm(1N)+egg(1N)—->zygote(2N)

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23
Q

define gametogenesis

A

the process of producing gametes, or sex cells, from diploid germ cells through cell division, meiosis, and differentiation

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24
Q

meiosis (reduction division) 2 divisions?

A

Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2

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25
Q

what happens in meiosis 1

A

interphase same as mito
prophase1+prometaphase-same as mito
synapsis occurs- homologeous chromosomes line up and h-bond to each other crossing over occurs now-homologs exchange segments so traits now swapped (happens ~50-70 times per meiotic divi)
metaphase 1-23 tetrad line up SAME
anaphase1- homlog sep SAME
telephase+cytokinesis-same as meiosis except chromosomes stay condensed, nuclear envelope does not form, parental sets of chromosomes do not stay tg in first mieotic divi

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26
Q

what happens in meiosis 2

A

interphase same as mito
prophase 2-same
prometaphase 2- same
metaphase2- same as mito
anaphase 2-same as mito
telephase 2+cytokinesis-same as mito
MITOSIS OF HAPLOID CELLS

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27
Q

define independent assortment

A

rando. arrangement of homologus pairs at metaphoric plate in metaphase 1

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28
Q

describe spermatogenesis

A

2N 1° spermatocyte goes through meiosis 1 dyad seperation making two 2° spermatocyte then meiosis 2 occurs and chromatids seperate into 4 1N gamete sperm

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29
Q

describe oogenesis

A

2N 1° oocyte goes through meiosis 1 turning into 1 BIG 2° 1N oocyte and one 1N polarbody then big oocyte goes through meiosis 2 and breaks into small polarbody and one BIG 1N oocyte (1 gamete)

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30
Q

define error nondisjunction

A

some or all the chromosomes (dyads) fail to seperate in meiosis 1

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31
Q

what arw the 2 results of error nondisjunction

A

aneuploidy and polyploidy

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32
Q

define aneuploidy

A

number of chromosomes is not a whole multiple of the haploid number. ex: cell has 4 homologeous cell go through partial nondisjunction but when breaks one cell has 3 homologeous and other has 1 etc etc

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33
Q

describe polyploidy

A

2N–complete nondisjunction->2N egg(if right supoosed to be 1N) breaks into 3N sterite if +1N speem added and also breaks into 4N sterite if +2N sperm

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34
Q

define locus

A

physical location of gene on chromosome

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35
Q

define allele

A

versions of same gene ex: E or e

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36
Q

define homozygeous

A

2 same alleles ex: EE or ee

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37
Q

define heterozygeous

A

2 diff alleles ex: Ee

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38
Q

define dominant allele

A

fully expressed allele if present in gene pair ex: E

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39
Q

define recessive allele

A

allele only expressed in homogeneous state

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40
Q

define genotype

A

allele made up of gene pair ex:EE,Ee,ee

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41
Q

define phenotype

A

physical expression of genotype

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42
Q

what are genetics two fields of study?

A

mendelien genetics- patterns of inheritance
molecular genetics- structure + function of genetic material

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43
Q

describe mendelein genetics and monohybrid crosses

A

took white flower pea plants self crossed them and got alll white offspring called them true breeders, then took purple flower pea plants self crossed and got some true breeders and some made purple+white offspring, then crossed those true breeders(parental generation) and got F1gen all purple offspring then self crossed those offspring and got F2gen and got some purple(705) and white(214) making a 3:1 ratio

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44
Q

mendelien genetics monohybrid crosses with our knowledge applied

A

TB purple x TB white
AA. aa
(s) A. a. (e)
F1. Aa
1/2A 1/2a. 1/2A 1/2a
1/4AA, 2/4Aa, 1/4aa

45
Q

define mendels 1st law(principle of segregation)

A

organism passes 2 diploid factors(alleles) for each trait ans gamete production results in each gamete getting 1 of these factors

46
Q

mendelien genetics dihybrid crosses

A

TB round 🟡 x TB wrinkled green
self cross.
F1 all round yellow
self cross
F2 🟡, 🟢, wri Ye, wri Gre
9.8: 3.4: 3.1: 1
9:3:3:1 ratio

47
Q

define law of independent assortment

A

factors for traits are sorted independently of each other during gamete production

48
Q

describe non mendelien inheritance

A

what if pea colors and texture on same chromosome(linkage)?
TB RRYY x. TB rryy
RY. ry
F1. RrYy
RY,Ry,rY,ry. RY,Ry,rY,ry
cancel middle two
RRYY,RrYy,rryy
1:2:1 ratio

49
Q

define incomplete dominance

A

dominant allele doesmt completely repress/mask recessive allele. ex: 4° flower D-red d-white, DD-red dd-white Dd-pink

50
Q

define codominance/codominant allele

A

both alleles fully expressed in heterozygote ex: D-red d-white Dd-red+white

51
Q

describe human blood types

A

3 alleles, I^(A)-a protien I^(B)-b protein i-no protien code.
A-I^(A)I^(A), I^(A)i
B-I^(B)I^(B), I^(B)i
AB-I^(A)I^(B)
O-ii

52
Q

define epistasis

A

one gene controls the expression of another

53
Q

example of epistasis?

A

retriever dog. 2 genes for coat color. pigment gene- B-black b-brown. deposition gene- E-pigment deposited e-not deposited.
EE. Ee. ee
BB,Bb,bb
black. ,brown. yellow

54
Q

define polygenic trait

A

many genes effecting 1 trait

55
Q

define plieotropy

A

one gene effecting multiple traits ex: sickle cell anemia(recessive mutation of 1 hemoglobin protien) warps RBC to crescent which can clot but also makes resistant to malaria

56
Q

define sex linked traits

A

non gender related traits that show a gender related inheritance pattern

57
Q

what type of chromosomes do humans have related to sex linked traits?

A

22 sets of homologeous chromosomes (autosomes-chromosomes that arent sex chromosomes ) and 1 set of sex chromosomes

58
Q

what is the 1 set of sex chromosomes humans have?

A

x and y

59
Q

what is the x sex chromosome?

A

large, contains mostly gender specific genes(M+F) and non gender specific genes

60
Q

what is the y sex chromosome?

A

small aprox 70 genes. has SRY gene and other male specific genes

61
Q

define SRY gene

A

its epistatic over gender specific genes so if present them male genes expressed, if absent female genes expressed

62
Q

ex of sex linked trait

A

color blindness

63
Q

what are two parts of molecular genetics

A

DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA(ribonucleic acid) both are polymers of nucliotides

64
Q

what are the two types of nitrogenous bases?

A

pyrumadines and purines

65
Q

what three nucleiotide bases applly to pyrumadine? +whether they are for dna or rna

A

cytosine(dna rna), uracil(rna), and thymine(dna)

66
Q

what nucleiotide bases apply to purines? +whether theyre dna or rna

A

adenine(dna rna) and guanine(dna rna)

67
Q

what nucleiotide bases bond to what on a DNA strand?

A

A to T
G to C

68
Q

what two jobs does dna have?

A

replication and codes for protiens

69
Q

what is dna replication?

A

complimentary based pairing(A to T, G to C). chromosomes contain origins of replication(OR)

70
Q

define origins of replication

A

short sequence of nucleiotide based pairs that start the process of replication

71
Q

what molecules are involved in replication?

A

heliace, topoisomerace, primace, DNA polymerace III, DNA polymerace I, and DNA ligace

72
Q

what does helicace do in replication?

A

binds to OR and moves in a 3’->5’ direction, generating the 2 strands

73
Q

what does topoisomerace do in replication?

A

binds and moves ahead of the helicace and unwinds/unhelixess DNA strand

74
Q

what does primace do in replication

A

attaches free RNA nucleiotides to the DNA nucleiotides at the OR- called a primer

75
Q

what does DMA polymerace III do in replication

A

adds free DNA nucleiotides to exposed DNA strand moving 3’->5’

76
Q

what does DNA polymerace I do in replication

A

removes RNA nucleiotides and replaces them with DNA nucleiotides

77
Q

what does DNA ligace do in replication

A

attaches DNA strands together

78
Q

how to make the leading strand in DNA replication?

A

helicace does its job, primace does its job, topoisomerace does its job, DNA polymerace III binds to DNA strand and primer and moves 3’->5’ building new dna strand

79
Q

how to make the lagging strand in DNA replication

A

about every 200 bases primace binds to the unreplicated strand and add a primer, dna poly III binda to primer + unreplicated strand and moves 3’->5’ building small segment of DNA(okazaki frag), DNA poly I removes primer+does ita job, then dna ligace does ita job

80
Q

what are the two steps of protien synthesis

A

transcription ans translation

81
Q

define transcription

A

information on gene is used to build an RNA

82
Q

define translation

A

information on RNA is used to build a protein

83
Q

define promotersite on a transcription?

A

short sequence of nucleiotides aprox 40 base pairs upstream of gene that contain tata box

84
Q

define termination site on a transcription

A

short sequence that identifies the end of a gene

85
Q

describe the process of transcription

A

transcription factor(protien) binda to chromosome just upstream of the promotersite, allows RNA polymerace to bind to promotorsite, RNA polymerace moves down gene separating the 2 DNA strands and adding RNA nucleiotides to the 3’->5’ strand, RNA polymerace reaches terminator site + causes RNA polymerace to detach RNA poly to be released(RNA transcript) + DNA strands to connect

86
Q

what are the three types of RNA?

A

ribosomal RNA(rRNA), messenger RNA(mRNA), transfer RNA(tRNA)

87
Q

define ribosomal rna

A

small piece of RNA that combines with proteins to make ribosomes

88
Q

define messenger rna

A

linear strand of RNA that serves as instructions for building a protien. is organized into codons ex: AUG~CCA~TUA etc

89
Q

define codon

A

3 nucleiotide sequence on rRNA that codes for a specific amino acid(64 codes 20 amino)

90
Q

mRNA coding examples and chart

A

RNA codon=UCU
DNA DNA triplet=AGA
DNA anticodon=AGA
DNA—->RNA
C. - G
G. - C
A. - U
T. - A

91
Q

define tRNA

A

folded RNA that carry amino acids to the ribosome to make a protien. anticodon binds to codon

92
Q

3 steps of translation

A

initiation, chainelogation, termination

93
Q

describe initiation

A

ribosome(rrna) binds to mrna and to initiator trna

94
Q

describe chainelongation

A

once the initiation complex formed the next codon is exposed in ribsome ,the next trna(w/amino acid) binds to the codon, peptide bond is formed between the amino acids(linking them) then first trna detaches from AA and exits, ribosome moves down mrna and exposes the next codon, then repeats at next trna

95
Q

describe termination

A

ribosome reaches the stop codon(no trna)a releasing factor(protien) binds to a stop codon causing ribosome mrna and protien to seperate

96
Q

three ways gene amplification(speeding up of translation) occurs

A
  1. there may be more than 1 copy of gene on the chromosome
  2. multiple simultaneous transcription of a gene
  3. multiple simultaneous translation of the mRNA
97
Q

define gene

A

section of chromosome that codes for an RNA

98
Q

what does coding gene do?

A

codes for a protien

99
Q

what does non coding gene do

A

doesn’t code for a protien

100
Q

what does polyadenylation do during post transcription modification of mrna

A

adds adenines to end of mrna(poly A tail)

101
Q

what does splicing do during post transcription modification of mrna

A

removes the introns from the mrna to make a functional mrna

102
Q

define intron(post transcription modification of mrna)

A

short section of mrna that gets removed

103
Q

what does alternative splicing do during post transcription modification of mrna

A

creates unique combination of exons to produce 2 unique protien (don’t have to use all exons)

104
Q

percentages of DNA?

A

2% off dna is genes
8% of dna-endogenous retroviral dna

105
Q

define psuedo genes and example

A

non functional genes that are remnants from ancestors. GLUD- gene found in mammals- produces enzymes for vitamin C synthesis preventing scurvy

106
Q

define virus

A

protien capsul contains genetic material capable of injecting that material into a host cell and making more virus

107
Q

two types of viruses?

A

dna virus and retro virus

108
Q

describe dna virus

A

inserts dna into host, dna gets transcribed and translated and makes more virus

109
Q

deacribe retro virus

A

inserts mrna into host and reverse transcriptase(enzyme) (reverses transcription) dna becomes incorporated into host dna (provirus) this stays dormant but can get triggered +be expressed where it makes more viral particles and kills host

Biology (HONORS) (6 decks)

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