Cell stuff

Question 1

two types of cells

Answer 1

prokaryote and eukaryote

Question 2

traits of prokaryotic cell

Answer 2

lack nucleus, lack membrane bound organelles, asexual repro, dna is circular, small < 1 micron, single cell

Question 3

traits of eukaryotic cell

Answer 3

membrane bound nucleus, have membrane bound organelles, asexual and sexual repro, dna is multiple linear strands(chromosones), around 10 microns, can be multicellular

Question 4

define cell membrane(animal) (think of notes drawing)

Answer 4

phospolipid bilayer has trans membrane protein (TMP) and surface protien(SP) protien and cholesterol. is selectly permeable to small nonpolar molecules + H2O(slightly)

Question 5

define cytoplasm

Answer 5

cell fluid (H2O, dissolved molecules and organelles)

Question 6

3 ways to cross cell membrane

Answer 6

simple diffusion, carrier mediated transport, and endocytosis/exocytosis

Question 7

define simple diffusion

Answer 7

movement of solute(particles) from an area of high concentration to areas of low concentration (passive)(dye spreading in water)

Question 8

define solute

Answer 8

particles being dissolved in a solution

Question 9

define solvent

Answer 9

thing that’s doing the dissolving(mostly H2O)

Question 10

define osmosis

Answer 10

passive net movement of H2O from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Question 11

define tonicity

Answer 11

total solute concentration of a solution

Question 12

define hypertonic solution

Answer 12

higher tonicity than solution its compared to

Question 13

define hypotonic solution

Answer 13

lower tonicity than solution its compared to

Question 14

define carrier mediated transport

Answer 14

trans membrane protien, used to transport solute across membrane

Question 15

two parts of carrier mediated transport

Answer 15

facilitated diffusion and active transport

Question 16

define facilitated diffusion (seesaw)

Answer 16

passive movement of molecules along the concentration gradient. membrane allows only selective molecules and ions to pass through it. ex: use channel protein(seesaw type thing) or carrier protien

Question 17

define active transport

Answer 17

TMP and energy to move solute across membrane. movement of molecules or ions/solute across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration

Question 18

define endocytosis/exocytosis

Answer 18

endo- phagocytosis where cell engulfs food
exo- cell expells material

Question 19

define endo membrane system(ptss)

Answer 19

group of membrane bound organelle that produce, transport, secrete and store stuff

Question 20

function of nucleolus

Answer 20

build ribosomes to make proteins

Question 21

function of rough endoplasmic reticulation+looks

Answer 21

makes proteins that need to be compartmentalized. squiggle outside with ribosomes attached to the outline

Question 22

function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum + looks

Answer 22

produces lipids and contains enzymes for detoxification. looks like rough but without ribosomes

Question 23

function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum + looks

Answer 23

produces lipids phospolipids, steroids, and contains enzymes for detoxification. looks like rough but without ribosomes

Question 24

function of golgi apparatus+looks(smp)

Answer 24

sorts, modifies and packages protein. looks like capital H’s connected to each other.

Question 25

how do the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus work together?

Answer 25

EPR is filled with proteins that will go to end of squiggle, cut off in transition vesticle and fuses to top of golgi apparatus H. golgi apparatus expells protein in secretory vesticle and transports it out the cell.

Question 26

define mitochondria +looks

Answer 26

double membrane bound organelle that transforms energy from nonusable state to usuable. oval squiggly inside calles criste(a) middle area is called matrix

Question 27

characteristics of mitochondria

Answer 27

have own DNA(circular), have own ribosomes(bacteria type), inner membrane is prokaryotic, can reproduce like bacteria, obligate symbiosis (both organisms(cell and mito) need each other to survive)

Question 28

define theory of endosymbiosis

Answer 28

proposes certain organelles, like mitochondria and chloroplasts, originated from free-living prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by a larger host cell, eventually forming a symbiotic relationship where the smaller cell lived inside the larger one, providing benefits to both organisms

Question 29

define cytoskeleton

Answer 29

protien filaments involved in movement and structure

Question 30

three types of cyto skeleton

Answer 30

micro filaments, intermediate filaments , and microtubules

Question 31

define micro filaments +looks(long chain of…)

Answer 31

long chains of actin proteins that cause contractions. look like sideways DNA made of circles

Question 32

define intermediate filaments

Answer 32

bundles of linear proteins. scaffolding and hold organelles in place

Question 33

define micro tubules + produced by? + looks

Answer 33

tubule arrangement of tubulin. move and transport stuff. produced by microtubule organizing center. looks like tube made of circles

Question 34

define primary(1°) cell wall

Answer 34

outer layer, thin, flexible, all plant cells have it

Question 35

define secondary(2°) cell wall

Answer 35

inner layer, thick, rigid, some cells have adjacent cells that are held tg by calcium pectate

Question 36

define cloroplast +looks

Answer 36

eukaryotic and photoautotroph. round dumpling shaped, sharpish squiggle inside edge, has stacks of round hollow disk called thylakoids and middle space called stroma. cloroplast cytoplasm

Question 37

define vacuoles

Answer 37

large “empty” membrane bound structure

Question 38

two tyoes of vacuoles

Answer 38

central vacuole and contractile vacuole

Question 39

two tyoes of vacuoles

Answer 39

central vacuole and contractile vacuole

Question 40

functions of central vacuole

Answer 40

in plant cells, stores water, stores small solutes, skeletal support(turgor pressure-rigid or flaccid due to water) movement(venus fly trap)

Question 41

function of contractile vacuole

Answer 41

freshwater protists. since constantly taking in water they’ll take in lots then propel it out. so vacuole expands then shrinks

Question 42

define photoautotroph

Answer 42

utilize light energy from sunlight and elements from inorganic compounds to produce organic materials needed to sustain their own metabolism

Question 43

define photoautotroph

Answer 43

utilize light energy from sunlight and elements from inorganic compounds to produce organic materials needed to sustain their own metabolism

Question 44

define actin

Answer 44

protein that serves as a key component of the cell’s cytoskeleton

Question 45

define actin

Answer 45

protein that serves as a key component of the cell’s cytoskeleton

Question 46

3 types of junctions

Answer 46

tight junction, anchor junction, communication junction

Question 47

define tight junctions

Answer 47

animals. protien stitching that creates impassable barrier btwn cells so food must go through cell.

Question 48

define anchor junction +looks

Answer 48

holds cells tg. look like little hooks gripping two cells tg.

Question 49

2 types of communication junction

Answer 49

Gap junctions, plasmodesmata

Question 50

define gap junctions

Answer 50

animals. adjacent channel TMP line up and connects cytoplasm of cells

Question 51

define plasmodesmata+looks

Answer 51

plants. channels through adjacent cell walls. looks like connected cells have a tunnel going through both of them