Cell stuff Flashcards
two types of cells
prokaryote and eukaryote
traits of prokaryotic cell
lack nucleus, lack membrane bound organelles, asexual repro, dna is circular, small < 1 micron, single cell
traits of eukaryotic cell
membrane bound nucleus, have membrane bound organelles, asexual and sexual repro, dna is multiple linear strands(chromosones), around 10 microns, can be multicellular
define cell membrane(animal) (think of notes drawing)
phospolipid bilayer has trans membrane protein (TMP) and surface protien(SP) protien and cholesterol. is selectly permeable to small nonpolar molecules + H2O(slightly)
define cytoplasm
cell fluid (H2O, dissolved molecules and organelles)
3 ways to cross cell membrane
simple diffusion, carrier mediated transport, and endocytosis/exocytosis
define simple diffusion
movement of solute(particles) from an area of high concentration to areas of low concentration (passive)(dye spreading in water)
define solute
particles being dissolved in a solution
define solvent
thing that’s doing the dissolving(mostly H2O)
define osmosis
passive net movement of H2O from an area of high concentration to low concentration
define tonicity
total solute concentration of a solution
define hypertonic solution
higher tonicity than solution its compared to
define hypotonic solution
lower tonicity than solution its compared to
define carrier mediated transport
trans membrane protien, used to transport solute across membrane
two parts of carrier mediated transport
facilitated diffusion and active transport
define facilitated diffusion
passive movement of molecules along the concentration gradient. membrane allows only selective molecules and ions to pass through it. ex: use channel protein(seesaw type thing) or carrier protien
define active transport
TMP and energy to move solute across membrane. movement of molecules or ions/solute across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration
define endocytosis/exocytosis
endo- phagocytosis where cell engulfs food
exo- cell expells material
define endo membrane system
group of membrane bound organelle that produce, transport, secrete and store stuff
function of nucleolus
build ribosomes to make proteins
function of rough endoplasmic reticulation+looks
makes proteins that need to be compartmentalized. squiggle outside with ribosomes attached to the outline
function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum + looks
produces lipids and contains enzymes for detoxification. looks like rough but without ribosomes
function of golgi apparatus+looks
sorts, modifies and packages protein. looks like capital H’s connected to each other.
how do the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus work together?
EPR is filled with proteins that will go to end of squiggle, cut off in transition vesticle and fuses to top of golgi apparatus H. golgi apparatus expells protein in secretory vesticle and transports it out the cell.
define mitochondria +looks
double membrane bound organelle that transforms energy from nonusable state to usuable. oval squiggly inside calles criste(a) middle area is called matrix
characteristics of mitochondria
have own DNA(circular), have own ribosomes(bacteria type), inner membrane is prokaryotic, can reproduce like bacteria, obligate symbiosis (both organisms(cell and mito) need each other to survive)
define theory of endosymbiosis
proposes certain organelles, like mitochondria and chloroplasts, originated from free-living prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by a larger host cell, eventually forming a symbiotic relationship where the smaller cell lived inside the larger one, providing benefits to both organisms
define cytoskeleton
protien filaments involved in movement and structure
three types of cyto skeleton
micro filaments, intermediate filaments , and microtubules
define micro filaments +looks
long chains of actin proteins that cause contractions. look like sideways DNA made of circles
define intermediate filaments
bundles of linear proteins. scaffolding and hold organelles in place
define micro tubules + produced by? + looks
tubule arrangement of tubulin. move and transport stuff. produced by microtubule organizing center. looks like tube made of circles
define primary(1°) cell wall
outer layer, thin, flexible, all plant cells have it
define secondary(2°) cell wall
inner layer, thick, rigid, some cells have adjacent cells that are held tg by calcium pectate
define cloroplast +looks
eukaryotic and photoautotroph. round dumpling shaped, sharpish squiggle inside edge, has stacks of round hollow disk called thylakoids and middle space called stroma. cloroplast cytoplasm
define vacuoles
large “empty” membrane bound structure
two tyoes of vacuoles
central vacuole and contractile vacuole
functions of central vacuole
in plant cells, stores water, stores small solutes, skeletal support(turgor pressure-rigid or flaccid due to water) movement(venus fly trap)
function of contractile vacuole
freshwater protists. since constantly taking in water they’ll take in lots then propel it out. so vacuole expands then shrinks
define photoautotroph
utilize light energy from sunlight and elements from inorganic compounds to produce organic materials needed to sustain their own metabolism
define actin
protein that serves as a key component of the cell’s cytoskeleton
3 types of junctions
tight junction, anchor junction, communication junction
define tight junctions
animals. protien stitching that creates impassable barrier btwn cells so food must go through cell.
define anchor junction +looks
holds cells tg. look like little hooks gripping two cells tg.
2 types of communication junction
Gap junctions, plasmodesmata
define gap junctions
animals. adjacent channel TMP line up and connects cytoplasm of cells
define plasmodesmata+looks
plants. channels through adjacent cell walls. looks like connected cells have a tunnel going through both of them
