Some other individual differences Flashcards
LGBTIQ+
XY, XX, and many variants
XXY is called a typicalintersex combination (Klinefelter syndrome)
XXXY, XXXXY and XYY (Klinefelter variants).
Can be born with a chromosome missing and thus have 22 sets of autosomes and an XO combination of sex chromosomes where the O indicates a sex chromosome (originally either an X or Y) has been lost (Turner syndrome)
Read
Vast majority of psychology research has looked to differences between males and females (alpha bias) with males traits the valued norm (Bohan, 2013)
This changed somewhat with the rise of feminism in the 1960’s
Currently female attributes are being valued in a way they haven’t been before (Bohan, 2013) but are still not valued equally
There are differences between the sexes (e.g., hormonally, neurologically) but does that translate into measureable individual differences as a function of sex?
1980’s differences
Even in the 1980’s differences were greater within than between the 2 predominant sexes e.g. levels of aggression
What is feminism?
Simply put, a feminist believes all sexes to be equal.
Politics, radical, & feminazi
“In every country and culture that I have visited, from Sweden to Uganda, from Singapore to Mali, it is clear that when women are given respect, and the ability and freedom to pursue their personal dreams and ambitions, life improves for everyone.”
Helen Mirren @ Tulane University, May 20th, 2017
A common perception is that women’s rights have never been better.
The rights we have were hard won …by feminist activists …going back generations to the first wave of feminism in the 1900s. In the 1970s during what is known as the “second wave” of feminism, activists secured for us vital services such as refuges and helplines, which provide support today to women, children and men affected by domestic abuse, rape and sexual violence (Mackay, 2015)
Adam (2005, p. 7) states, ‘we talk of football and women’s football, not men’s football and women’s football’.
The male nurse, man bag, women’s golf etc
Inherent in such language is role & behaviour bias
Australian Bureau of Statistics (Cat No. 6302.0)
Males working full-time earn 18.2% more than woman working full-time (2014).
Between November 2013 and May 2014, men’s salaries increased an average $24.90 per week and women’s increased only $7.09.
Has significant impact on females financial security over their lifetimes.
Highest gender pay gap at 30.7% are the health care and social assistance sectors.
What influences how clever we see ourselves?
Are there sex differences?
Both males and females tend to over-estimate their ability
Correlations between perceived intelligence and actual tend to be small (e.g., about .2)
Some evidence suggests that personality is related to self-estimation accuracy e.g., agreeableness and neuroticism both negatively related to self-estimated intelligence albeit weakly but not to actual intelligence
E O C
Some studies suggest that O is + correlated with intelligence – latest research suggests it is related to crystallized but not fluid intelligence
Men tend to over-estimate their ability more than women but that is aggregate (i.e., domains differ)
As women don’t over-estimate as much as men in general but both do it, women suggested to be more accurate in estimating their intelligence than men
So there were some relationships with over-estimation of abilities and E, O, C, being male etc but the variance accounted for suggests a lot more than personality and sex are involved
De Bolle et al. 2015
Sex differences in personality of adolescents in 23 cultures.
Girls scored higher on all 5 of the NEO dimensions than boys – particularly on openness and conscientiousness
Some differences in facets e. g., boys higher in excitement seeking and ideas
No differences in impulsivity, values, compliance etc
Girls show sex-type differences earlier than boys
Age & sex interaction for N with girls higher but both sexes had lower N with increased age
No differences in these patterns across cultures
Music dimensions and personality(Zweigenhaft, 2008)
Compared 4 genres of music with the 30 facets of the FFM and then specific music ‘types’
reflective & complex genre
intense & rebellious genre
upbeat & conventional genre
energetic & rhythmic genre
Also compared grades and preference for a particular type of music
Examples of sig. relationships with reflective & complex genre
Blues O (.30) Jazz vulnerability (-ve.22), assertiveness (.32), esthetics (.32) Classical nothing sig Folk most strongly with O (.40) & all its facets, angry hostility (-.25), trust (.23)
Sig. relationships with intense & rebellious genre
Alternative O facet of values (.26) Heavy metal Angry hostility (-.23), order (-.22), achievement striving (-.22) Rock No sig facet relationships
Sig. relationships with upbeat & conventional genre
Country
Values (-.22)
Pop
Esthetics (-.28), ideas(-.30), values(-.25)
Religious
Impulsiveness (-.23), feelings (-.27), values (-.54). Overall O (-.36)
Soundtracks
Esthetics (-.23), modesty (.28) overall A (.26)
Sig. relationships with energetic & rhythmic genre
Electronic
No sig facet relationships
Rap/hip-hop
Impulsiveness (.22), E (.28), O (.38), self-discipline (-.24)
Soul/funk
Warmth (.22), esthetics (.22), actions (.22), altruism (.22)
And a pile of others
Bluegrass, oldies, opera, punk etc
Grades
Compared grades and music preference and found no sig. relationships but trends for higher grades related to rock and punk and lower grades with country and rap/hip-hop
Significant sex differences in empathyMark H. Davis
Women displaying higher scores than men in each case.
Largest difference on the fantasy subscale; mean was 18.75 for women, and 15.73 for men, F(1,1176) = 96.28; p
