Psychoanalytic Theory, Practice and Implications for Assessment Flashcards
Historical and Cultural Context – Discovering the Uncs
Victorian era (late 1800’s) Rationality and self control The Copernican revolution Darwin and evolution Freud-unconscious forces The scientific zeitgeist
The Origins of Psychoanalysis
A “calling” Traditional societies Freud The discovery of unconscious forces The notion of catharsis Wishes, resistance and repression Jung Object relations theorists Kohut and self psychology
The Topographical Model of Mind
- Conscious
- Preconscious
- Unconscious
The Psychoanalytic Method
- Free association
- Use of dreams
- –manifest content
- –latent content
- Short term psychodynamic methods
- Advances in psychodynamic practice
Structure of Personality
Id pleasure principle Ego reality principle Superego the ego-ideal Relationship to consciousness
The Psychosexual Stages of Development
Oral stage Anal stage Phallic stage Latency period Genital stage
Defence Mechanisms: Repression
Blocking a wish or desire from conscious expression
Defence Mechanisms:Denial
Refusing to believe a reality
Defence Mechanisms: Projection
Attributing an unconscious impulse, attitude or behaviour to another
The Psychodynamic Paradigm - Assumptions
Dualistic RES COGITO Intrapsychic theory Psychic determinism Unconscious determinism Historical Principle Determination by drive or instinct Reductionistic
Modern Psychodynamic Theorists
Melanie Klein and contemporary Kleinian theory
Heinz Kohut and the Psychologies of Identity and Self
Psychodynamic- Evaluation
- Reliance on individual cases
- Difficulties of proof
- Lack of empirical evidence
- Person versus situation
- Controversy in relation to treatment outcome
Summary –Classical Drive Theory
Anger and sexuality are basic drives need to be acknowledged and integrated with the ego
Anxiety - result of damming up libido (sex, aggression) or/ a natural consequence of remembering scary things.
Depression is anger turned inward; bereavement.
Remembering - an important part of treatment
Carl Jung and Analytical Psychology
Early life experience
Relationship with Freud
Professional experience
Nature and Structure of Personality
- Psychic energy
- The ego
- The personal unconscious
- -complexes
- The collective unconscious
Archetypes: Persona
Social role or mask
Archetypes: Shadow
The unacceptable within
Archetypes: Anima
Feminine side of the male psyche
Archetypes: Self
Ultimate unity of the personality
Psychological Types and Functions: Attitudes
Extraversion
Introversion
Psychological Types and Functions: Functions
Sensation
Intuition
Thinking
Feeling
Intoversion
direction of interest inwards towards the inner world of thoughts and feelings
Extraversion
direction of interest outwards towards external objects and relationships
The four functions
- Thinking
- Intuition
- Sensation
- Feeling
Other key terms
Synchronicity
Individuation
Yin and Yang
Complexes
The Analytic MethodJungian Therapy
Therapeutic orientation Role of the therapist Dreams Compensatory Prospective “Big dreams” Amplification Active imagination
Object relations theorists; Interpersonal analysts
- Classical drive theory is fundamentally wrong
- Believed Freudian theory underemphasized the larger social and cultural context.
- Conflict not from drive pressure and regulation, but from shifting and competing relational configurations
- Configurations composed of relations between the self and others, real and imagined
Kohut and Self Psychology
-The centrality of narcissism
-Pathological narcissism : a sense that everyone and everything is an extension of the self or exists to serve the self. There is a grandiose sense of self importance and need for constant attention.
-Real self and false self
Mirrowing
Kohut
Narcissism
Self object
Mirrowing
Transferences
Definition of contemporary psychoanalytic treatment
a sustained dialogue over time with its goal of increased awareness-and so psychological freedom – all through the medium of an intense immersion in and exploration of the relationship itself.”
Testing for Narcissismhttp://personality-testing.info/tests/NPI/1.php
I like to look at myself in the mirror.
I am not particularly interested in looking at myself in the mirror.
I am going to be a great person.I hope I am going to be successful.
I am more capable than other people.There is a lot that I can learn from other people.
Psychodynamics: A Contemporary Approach- Shedler
- Focus on affect and expression of emotion
- Exploration of attempts to avoid distressing thoughts and feelings
- Identification of recurring themes and patterns
- Discussion of past experience
- Focus on interpersonal relations
- Focus on therapy relationship
- Exploration of fantasy life
Summary
- Conscious and unconscious
- Projection and Introjection
- Defences
- Projective identification
- Repetitive interpersonal relationships
- Assessment in context of clinical interview and history
Projective Hypothesis
The assumption that personal interpretations of ambiguous stimuli must necessarily reflect the unconscious needs, motives, and conflicts of the examinee is known as the projective hypothesis (Gregory, 2007).
Projective Method- all projective tests:
- Involve the presentation of ambiguous stimuli or task, allowing the examinee considerable freedom of response.
- Aim to evaluate underlying intrapsychic conflicts, urges, motives, etc. By allowing the subject to project these conflicts onto the ambiguous stimulus material.
- Use ambiguous stimuli to reduce defensiveness.
The Rorschach Psychodiadnostik
Ist published in 1921 10 cards symmetrical presented in sequential order increasing colour
Hermann Rorschach 1884-1922
Swiss psychiatrist
Son of a painter
Studied under Bleuler
Psychoanalytical orientation
American and European therapists used and developed the test independently
Exner Comprehensive system (1993) a synthesis of 4 major American systems)
Rorschach : Psychometric Properties
- Explains 8-13 % variance in the client, compared to 23-30 % explained by MMPI (Garb et al., 1998)
- Better inter rater reliability with the new Exner & Exner system (Exner, 1995)
- Research (McGrath et al., 2005) found respectable reliability for the scoring system
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
-Morgan & Murray “need and press”
31 card (1 is blank)
-Black and white pictures
-Pictures have different subject content
-Cards for male vs boys, female vs girls and for any person.
-20 cards adminisitered (16th one is blank
-10 cards (no blank) are also used.
CAT (Bellak & Bellak, 1949
- Children Apperception Test (CAT) for ages 3-10. .
- 10 black & white pictures
- CAT - A
- CAT - H
- Supplementary form
- Little effective psychometric validation
TAT & CAT are scored on the basis of 10 variables:
- Main theme
- Main hero
- Main needs and drives of the hero
- Conception of the environment
- Perception of parental, contemporary and junior figure
- Conflicts
- Anxieties
- Defenses
- Adequacy of superego
- Integration of ego
Drawing tests: Draw a person (Machover, 1949)
subject given a paper and asked to draw a person and then a figure of the oposite sex.
Also queried about who these characters are and what they are doing / thinking.
Drawing Tests:House-tree-person (Buck, 1948)
- asked to draw a house, tree and a person
- house: family life
- tree: experience of the outside world
- person; interpersonal relationships.
Semi Projective Tests
- Sentence completion tests
- ALL TASKS INVOLVE PRESENTATION TO THE SUBJECT A SENTENCE STEM, WHICH THEY ARE ASKED TO COMPLETE.
- Content of sentence can be adapted to suit nature of information sought in clinical situation.
Rotter Incomplete Sentence Completion Test (RISB)
I ……………………… I like …………………. A mother……………… Marriage………………. I wish I had a different sort of a life .
I am a woman.
A mother is the most loving person on earth, my mother is wonderful.
Marriage is a recipe for a disaster, I have just been through one.
Validity of Rorschach, MMPI, WAIS
- Average reliability, stability, and validity of Rorschach test high
- Reliability and stability of all three tests were acceptable and approximately equivalent.
- Convergent-validity estimates for the Rorschach and MMPI were not significantly different, but both these estimates were lower than the estimate for the WAIS.
- The MMPI and Rorschach can be considered to have adequate psychometric properties if used for the purpose for which they were designed and validated
Validity of the Rorschach Test
The validity of individual Rorschach variables: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the comprehensive system.
