some extra anat shit

Question 1

What nerves pass through inferior orbital fissure

Answer 1

infraorbital nerve
zygomaticoorbital nerve
orbital branches

Question 2

What nerves pass through sphenopalatine foramen

Answer 2

nasopalatine nerve

posterior nasal branches

Question 3

What nerves pass through palatine canals

Answer 3

greater and lesser palatine nerves.

Question 4

What does the nasopalatine nerve innervate

Answer 4

nasal septum and hard palate

Question 5

where does the posterior nasal branch innervate

Answer 5

to superior lateral wall of nose

Question 6

What nerve passes through palatopharyngeal canal

Answer 6

palatopharyngeal nerve

Question 7

What does the palatopharyngeal nerve supply

Answer 7

the upper nasopharynx posterior to opening of auditory tube

Question 8

Name the innervations of the lacrimal gland

Answer 8

arises from pterygopalatine branches and then passes through to the zygomaticoorbital nerve

the lacrimal gland has triple innervation:
1) sensory from ophthalmic nerve
2) parasympathetic from facial nerve
and sympathetic from hitchikers on zygomaticoorbital and ophthalmic nerves

Question 9

Where does the sphenopalatine foramen open into?

Answer 9

It opens into the lateral wall of the nasal cavity at the level just posterior to middle cocha

Question 10

Where does greater and lesser palatine foramina

Answer 10

it opens into posterior hard palate

Question 11

Where does palatopharyngeal canal open into

Answer 11

opens posterior to nasal septum

Question 12

Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain?

Answer 12

inferior meatus

Question 13

Where does the sphenoethmoidal recess drain?

Answer 13

sphenoidal sinus

Question 14

Where does the posterior ethmoidal sinus drain?

Answer 14

superior meatus

Question 15

What parts of the nose is lined with respiratory epithelium

Answer 15

respiratory region between inferior and middle concha

Choanae

Question 16

What parts of the nose is lined with olfactory epithelium

Answer 16

superior concha, upper septum, roof over upper septum

Question 17

What parts of the nose is lined with stratified non keratinizing epithelium

Answer 17

atrium

Question 18

Where does the chorda tympani pass between?

Answer 18

malleus and incus

Question 19

At what muscle does the chorda tympani join the lingual nerve

Answer 19

deep to the lateral pterygoid muscle

Question 20

What are the functions of stapedius and tensor tympani

Answer 20

reflex response to high intensity sounds. Muscles contract to reduce vibrations of ossicles and therefore reduces sound intensity before it reaches inner ear

tensor tympani pulls the tympanic membrane inward which reduces sound intensity transmission

Question 21

What is the tensor tympani innervated by

Answer 21

mandibular nerve

Question 22

What is the bony labyrinth part of

Answer 22

petrous tympanic bone. It is continuous with the spongy bone of the petrous temporal bone.

Question 23

cochleal duct

Answer 23

3 hollow structures: scala tympani, vestibuli and medius. Cochleal duct (synonymous with scala media) contains endolymph and organ of corti

Question 24

what is found in scala vestibuli and tympani

Answer 24

perilymph

Question 25

what is found in the utricle and saccule

Answer 25

a sensory region called the macula

Question 26

What kind of neurons are found in the ears?

Answer 26

bipolar neurons

Question 27

The route of the vestibulocochlear nerve

Answer 27

these nerves emerge at the inferior border of pons with nervus intermedius between them. Nervus intermedius is the sensory and parasympathetic root of the facial nerve. The facial nerve separates from the vestibulocochlear nerve in the medial part of the internal accoustic meatus and passes into a separate facial canal

Question 28

``` Sternocleidomastoid function origin ```

Answer 28

flex head, raise sternum function orig

Question 29

trapezius function origin motor and sensory supply

Answer 29

pulls shoulders back,, rotates shoulder, raises arm origin: external occipital protuberance and superior nuchal line to T12 MOTOR-accessory nerve sensoryL ventral cervical rami

Question 30

digastric function nerves

Answer 30

depresses mandible elevates hyoid posterior belly: facial nerve anterior belly: mylohyoid nerve( inferior alveolar nerve branch)

Question 31

omohyoid innervation

Answer 31

hyoid to omo (border of scapula there is intermediate tendon separating superior and inferior belly. anterior: body of hyoid to intermediate tendon ansa cervicalis for both sensory and motor

Question 32

ansa cervicalis

Answer 32

innervates all prevertebral and lateral muscles

Question 33

accessory nerve 1) cranial 2) spinal accessory

Answer 33

2 components

Question 34

Deep cervical lymph nodes:

Answer 34

Rare Japanese jujuvampires jugulodigastric retropharyngeal jugulo-omohyoid supraclavicular (virchow)

Question 35

superficial nodes of head

Answer 35

``` above the mandible occipital retroauricular parotid buccal ```

Question 36

superficial nodes of neck

Answer 36

``` below the mandible superficial cervical submandibular submental anterior cervical ```

Question 37

Tears of the eye

Answer 37

Serous: lacrimal and accessory serous gland Mucus gland-conjunctival glands Sebaceous glands-sebaceous tarsal glands-meibomian glands

Question 38

Ora serrata

Answer 38

junction between choroid and ciliary body

Question 39

Iris contraction dilation

Answer 39

Dilation is from sympathetic innervation on radial muscle Contraction is from circular smooth muscle around pupil controlled by parasympathetic fibres of occulomotor origin

Question 40

Eye accomodation

Answer 40

Sphincter of ciliary body contracts (parasympathetic control). Try to remember that contraction of the eye is typically parasympathetic. This causes less tension on zonule fibres, making the lens more flat

Question 41

Where do tears drain

Answer 41

tears drain into the medial corner of the eye into the nasolacrimal duct via the lacrimal canaliculi

Question 42

Sensory retina

Answer 42

optic disc-site of optic nerve so its a blind spot. | Maxula/fovea- focus. Region of greatest acuity

Question 43

iris anterior and posterior part

Answer 43

anterior is uvea | posterior is nonsensory retina

Question 44

how thick is lens

Answer 44

2 cells thick

Question 45

anterior and posterior part of ciliary body

Answer 45

uvea anterior | non-sensory retina posterior

Question 46

Drainage of aqueous humour

Answer 46

aqueous humor is produced in the folds of ciliary body | 80% drain via trabecular meshwork into scleral venous sinus/canal of schlemn. 20% drain into uveoscleral angle

Question 47

Pupillary reflex | corneal reflex

Answer 47

cornea-if touched. 1) touch cornea 2) sensed by ophthalmic nerve 3) response to blink via facial nerve innervating orbicularis occuli Pupillary reflex: too much light into one eye causes both pupils to contract sensory-via optic nerve response is parasympathetic supply to sphincter of pupil via occulomotor nerve.

Question 48

ophthalmic artery

Answer 48

supplies virtually everything in orbit, eyeball, eyelid and forehead. Also lacrimal gland. Literally everything. Detail not needed

Question 49

venous drainage of eye

Answer 49

retinal veins converge on optic disc and enter optic nerve as central vein of retina. These drain into superior ophthalmic vein into the cavernous sinus. The inferior ophthalmic drains the orbit and enter cavernous sinus. tldr they both enter cavernous sinus and cavernous sinus can drain into pterygoid venous plexus via emissary veins.

Question 50

Ophthalmic nerve

Answer 50

purely sensory. Supplies the sensory aspect of lacrimal gland and skin Forms supraorbital and supratrochlear branches, passing over levator palpebrae superioris Nasociliary region.

Question 51

levator palati

Answer 51

medial auditory tube to palatal aponeurosis aka, tensor veli palatini

Question 52

tensor palati

Answer 52

scaphoid fossa, sphenoid bone and lateral wall of cartilagenous auditory tube to hamulus where it forms a tendon. Tendon inserts into and becomes part of the palatoaponeurosis

Question 53

palatoglossus

Answer 53

continuation of levator palati, and depresses palate, elevates root of tongue

Question 54

Palatopharyngeus

Answer 54

lateral soft palate to join salpingopharyngeus to posterior border thyroid cartilage. Depresses palate

Question 55

hyoglossus: t

Answer 55

thyrohyoid

Question 56

parotid capsules

Answer 56

derived from deep cervical fascia zygomatic arch, mandible, styloid process and tympanic plate ``` zuper MST Zygomatic Mandible Styloid Tympanic process ``` Part of the capsule which is attached to the styloid process and angle of mandible forms stylomandibular ligament

Question 57

what pierces buccal fat pad

Answer 57

buccal nerve and parotid duct

Question 58

parotid innervation

Answer 58

sympathetic from external carotid plexus sensory from greater auricular branch of cervical plexus and auriculotemporal nerves

Question 59

vestibular folds

Answer 59

are found above vocal fold

Question 60

extrinsic membranes of the larynx

Answer 60

thyrohyoid membrane cricotracheal membrane Thyrohyoid membrane forms thyrohyoid ligament

Question 61

intrinsic membranes

Answer 61

quadrangular membrane forms vestibular ligament and cricothyroid membrane forms vocal ligament

Question 62

pyramid

Answer 62

tendon of stapedius emerges here

Question 63

muscles attached to auditory tube

Answer 63

levator palati tensor palati salpingopharyngeus tensor tympani