anat3004 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the anterior branches of the external carotid
A
superficial thyroid
lingual
facial
2
Q
What are the posterior branches of the external carotid
A
the posterior auricular artery
occipital artery
ascending pharyngeal artery
3
Q
What are the terminal branches of the external carotid
A
Maxillary
superficial temporal
4
Q
What are the branches of the superficial temporal artery
A
zygomatic arch
transverse facial
5
Q
What are the branches of the subclavian artery
A
Vitamin C V-Vertebral artery I- Internal thoracic artery T-thyrocervical trunk C-costo-cervical trunk
6
Q
Exit of cranial nerve 1
A
cribriform plate
7
Q
Exit of occulomotor nerve
A
superior orbital fissure
8
Q
Exit of the trochlear nerve
A
superior orbital fissure
9
Q
Exit of ophthalmic nerve
A
superior orbital fissure
10
Q
Exit of the mandibular nerve
A
foramen ovale
11
Q
Exit of the abducens nerve
A
superior orbital fissure
12
Q
Exit of the facial nerve
A
through the internal acoustic meatus and then the stylomastoid foramen
13
Q
Exit of the vestibulocochlear nerve
A
internal acoustic meatus
14
Q
Exit of the glossopharyngeal nerve
A
jugular foramen
15
Q
Exit of the vagus nerve
A
jugular foramen
16
Q
exit of the spinal accessory nerve
A
jugular foramen
17
Q
exit of the hypoglossal nerve
A
hypoglossal canal
18
Q
Branches of the maxillary artery
A
DAM I AM Piss Drunk But Stupid Drunk I Prefer, Must Phone Alcoholics Anonymous
Deep auricular artery anterior tympanic artery middle meningeal artery inferior alveolar artery accessory meningeal artery masseteric artery pterygoid artery deep temporal artery buccinator artery sphenopalatine artery descending palatine artery infraorbital artery posterior superior alveolar artery middle superior alveolar artery pharyngeal artery anterior superior alveolar artery artery of pterygoid canal
19
Q
What are the contents of the carotid sheath
A
common carotid artery
internal carotid artery
internal jugular vein
vagus nerve
some lymph nodes
20
Q
What artery does the maxillary artery originate from?
A
External carotid artery
21
Q
Which artery enters the carotid canal
A
Common carotid artery
22
Q
Which artery enters the transverse foramina at the level of the sixth cervical vertebra and travels upwards?
A
Vertebral artery
23
Q
The superior thyroid, lingual and ascending pharyngeal arteries are branches of which artery?
A
external carotid
24
Q
Which two muscles cover the external carotid artery (arteria carotis externa) anteriorly?
A
sternocleidomastoid muscle
platysma muscle
25
Which artery gives rise to facial artery
external carotid
26
At the level of which structure does the maxillary artery break into its terminal branches
pterygopalatine fossa
27
roughly at which spinal level does the common carotid artery bifurcate
c4
28
From which artery does the facial artery arise from?
The anterior surface of the external carotid artery
29
What are the branches of the facial artery
Anna, PLS SIT
Anna, PLS SIT (Ascending palatine artery, Premasseteric artery, Lateral nasal artery, Submental artery, Superior labial artery, Inferior labial artery, Tonsillar artery
30
Origin of ascending pharyngeal artery
External carotid artery
31
Which auricular muscles are innervated by the temporal branches of the facial nerve (rami temporales nervi facialis)?
auricularis anterior and auricularis superior
32
. Which of the following muscles is innervated by the deep buccal branches of the facial nerve (rami buccales nervi facialis)?
levator labii superioris
33
Which muscle pulls the corners of the mouth downwards
Depressor anguli oris
34
Between which two muscles of the face does the supratrochlear nerve
frontalis muscle
| corrugator supercilli
35
Which muscle helps in protruding the lower lip
mentalis muscle
36
What are the insertions of the platysma muscle
above the mandible to the height of the second rib
37
Which muscle does the angular artery supply
orbicularis occuli
38
Which muscles does the cervical branch of the facial nerve supply
platysma
39
Which muscles of facial expression are supplied by the maxillary artery
buccinator muscle
masseter muscle
pterygoid muscles
temporalis muscle
40
What are the functions of the platysma muscle
it pulls the corner of the mouth laterally and downwards and tightens the skin of the neck
41
What are the 3 functions of a larynx
1) Respiration
speech
protection
42
How does the larynx protect?
Closure of epiiglittis prevents food passing into larynx during swallowing. Closure of vocal folds also protective
43
What are the 3 hyaline cartilages of the larynx
thyroid
cricoid
arytenoid
44
What are the fibrocartilages of the larynx
1) epiglottis
2) corniculate
3) cuneiform
4) tritiate
45
name one synovial joint in the larynx
Arytenoid cartilage has a synovial joint with cricoid cartilage at the intermedial surface
And the cricothyroid cartilages
46
What is the most common kind of joint in the thyroid?
fibrous or ligamentous:
47
What are the two kinds of folds in the larynx
1) vocal folds
vestibular folds
48
What are the properties of the vocal folds
They contain elastic vocal ligament medially and vocalis muscle laterally
They are made out of non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
They can form a sphnicter which allows air through for sound
49
What are some properties of vestibular folds
They are upper folds
They are made of respiratory epithelium
They play a protective minor role in normal phonation but interact with vocal folds to produce a specialised deep sound
50
What are the two extrinsic larynx membranes
1) thyrohyoid membrane
| 2) cricotracheal membrane
51
What are the attachments of the thyrohyoid membrane
They connect upper thyroid cartilage to hyoid thickened posterior border of thyrohyoid membrane
52
What is the function of cricotracheal membrane
cricoid cartilage to trachea
53
What are the intrinsic membranes of the larynx
quadrangular membrane and cricothyroid membrane
54
what are the attachments of the quadrangular membrane
It is present and move down to about the vestibular fold. It's free inferior margin forms the vestibular fold
55
What does the lower intrinsic membrane form
The cricothyroid membrane forms the vocal ligament
56
What are the functions of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
They vary the rima glottis (gap between vocal folds)
They regulate the tension on vocal folds
They modify the inlet of vocal folds
57
What muscle abducts the rima glottis?
The posterior cricoarythenoid
58
What muscles adduct the rima glottis
1) lateral cricoarytenoid
2) transverse arytenoid
3) oblique artyenoid
59
What is the mechanism of the cricoid and the arytenoid which allows you to tense/tighten vocal folds
cricoid rocks backward, pulls arytenoid cartilage posteriorly which pulls on vocal folds.
Cricothyroid is a muscle responsible for moving cricoid
60
What muscle relaxes vocal folds
1)thyroarytenoid and vocalis
61
Which intrinsic muscles close the epiglottis (close inlet)
1) aryepiglottic and oblique arytenoid muscles
62
Which intrinsic muscles widen the inlet
thyroepiglottis
63
cricothyroid nerve
external laryngeal nerve
64
Thyroarytenoid nerve
inferior laryngeal nerve
65
posterior cricoarytenoid nerve
inferior laryngeal nerve
66
Lateral cricoarytenoid nerve
inferior laryngeal nerve
67
Transverse and oblique arytenoid nerves
inferior laryngeal nerve
68
What is the lining of the orbit?
Orbital periosteum
69
What are the spaces between eye, nerves, muscle and blood vessels filled with?
Orbital fascia
70
What glands contribute to serous secretions of eyes
Lacrimal gland and accessory serous glands in conjunctiva
71
What glands contribute to mucus in eyes
Conjunctival glands
72
What glands contribute to sebaceous glands
Sebaceous tarsal galdns.meibomian glands
73
What is the function of the iris
This is a variable aperture which controls the amount of light into the retina
74
What muscle is responsible for the contraction of the iris
circular smooth muscle around pupil
75
What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in controlling the functionof the iris
The parasympathetic fibres of occulomotor origin contract the eye
The sympathetic fibres of the iris dilates the eye
76
What are the two functions of the ciliary body?
1) production of aqueous humour
| 2) accomodation of far and near vision
77
What makes up the anterior part of the ciliary body?
uvea
78
What makes up the posterior part of the ciliary body?
non-sensory retina
79
How does the eye accodomate to near vision?
sphincter of ciliary body contracts
0leading to smaller diameter of ciliary body
causing less tension on zonula fibres
which causes less pull on the lens which rounds out
the lens become less flat and this accomodates for near vision.
The opposite is true for far vision
80
where is the aqueous humour produced?
in the folds of the ciliary body
81
What is the drainage of the aqueous humor
canal of schlemm
82
How does the aqueous humour move?
It is transported into the posterior chamber, pass through the pupil and into the anterior chamber
83
Sensory retina number of layers
10
84
summarise the layers of the sensory retina
pigment epithelium
| rods and cones are in the retina adjacent to pigment epithelium
85
What is the optic disc
site of entry for the optic nerve, it lacks photoreceptors
86
What is the macula and surrounding fovea
all retinal elements are reduced except cones. Rods and other layers are reflected laterally. Yellow pigment.
87
Summary of the pupillary reflex
light into the eye, and the pupil should contract.
The sensory input is afferent via the optic nerve
The response is via the parasympathetic supply to the sphincter of pupil
88
Summary of the corneal reflex
The person should blink if the cornea is touched. The
sensory input is the opthalmic nerve
The response is the action on the orbicularis oculi via the facial nerve
89
What eye muscle does the trochlear nerve innervate?
superior oblique
90
What muscle does the lateral rectus innervate?
abducens nerve.
91
What parts of the eye are innervated by the ophthalmic nerve
These are the sensory branches of the eye
1) nasociliary
2) lacrimal
3) frontal
92
Olfactory foramina contents
Olfactory nerve
93
Optic canal contents
Optic nerve (CNII), ophthalmic artery, dural sheath of optic nerve
94
superior orbital fissure contents
oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve, abducent nerve, ophthalmic veins
95
Foramen rotundum CONTENT
Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve
96
Foramen ovale content
Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve, accessory meningeal branch of maxillary artery, emissary vein, lesser petrosal nerve
97
Foramen spinosum content
middle meningeal artery
98
Foramen lacerum content
greater petrosal nerve
99
carotid canal content
internal carotid artery
100
Internal acoustic meatus/foramen
facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve
101
jugular foramen
glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, descending portion of accessory nerve, internal jugular vein
102
hypoglossal canal contents
hypoglossal nerve
103
Which of the following tongue muscles depresses the lateral aspects of the tongue and retracts the tongue inside the mouth
Hyoglossus muscle
104
Which cranial nerve innervates the palatoglossus
vagus nerve
105
Which of the following arteries supply the genioglossus and the hyoglossus muscle?
submental and sublingual arteries
106
The lingual artery (arteria lingualis) runs beneath which of the following muscles?
hyoglossus muscle
107
Which muscle of the soft palate (palatum molle) acts to elevate the tongue (lingua) and also narrows the oropharyngeal isthmus during digestion?
palatoglossus muscle
108
Which muscle of the tongue, when bilaterally contracted, depresses the central part of the tongue and protrudes the tongue?
genioglossus
109
Which of the following muscles of the soft palate (palatum molle) play a role in the closure of the nasopharyngeal isthmus?
palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscle
110
Which of the following arteries supplies the palatoglossus muscle?
ascending pharyngeal artery
111
Which veins collect the venous blood of the lingual musculature?
Dorsal and deep lingual vein
112
Which cranial nerves are responsible for the motor innervation of the tongue?
vagus and hypoglossal nerve
113
Which cranial nerve is responsible for both the special visceral and general somatic afferent innervation of the root of the tongue (radix linguae)?
vagus nerve
114
The oral vestibule is located posterior to
the lips and cheeks
115
The oral vestibule is located anterior to
dental arches and gingiva
116
What is the roof of the oral cavity proper formed by
Hard and soft palate
117
The floor of the oral cavity proper contains
the tongue, alveolar lingual sulcus and mylohyoid muscle
118
What are the lateral boundaries of the oropharyngeal isthmus?
palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds with the palatine tonsils in between
119
What are the tastebuds found on the dorsum of the tongue
Fungiform, vallate, filliform
120
What are the tastebuds found on the sides of the tongue?
Foliate papillae
121
Name the intrinsic muscles of the tongue from superior to inferior
1) superior longitudinal
2) vertical
3) transverse
4) inferior longitudinal
122
What are the function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue
change shape of the tongue
123
What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue
Genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus
124
Genioglossus
1) origin and attachment
2) function
1) mental spine of Mandible to tongue
| 2) causes protrusion
125
Hyoglossus
1) origin and attachment
2) function
1) hyoid bone to side of tongue
| 2) depresses side of tongue
126
Styloglossus
1) origin and attachment
2) function
1) styloid process of temporal bone to side of tongue
| 2) it moves tongue up and back during swallowing
127
Palatoglossus
1) origin and attachment
2) function
1) palatine aponeurosis to tongue
| 2) elevates tongue, narrow oropharyngeal isthmus
128
Which artery supplies the tongue?
lingual artery
129
Which vein drains the tongue
The lingual vein tributary of internal jugular
130
Which nerves supply general sensation and taste to the oral pharyngeal parts of the tongue
Chorda tympani which hitchhikes via the lingual nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve via a tortuous route which then hitchhikes with the auriculotemporal nerve
131
What parts of the tongue does the hypoglossal nerve supply
All intrinsic and extrinsic muscles except palatoglossus
132
What parts of the tongue does the pharyngeal plexus supply
palatoglossus
133
Which nerve supplies all the intrinsic salivary gland
parasympathetic supply via chorda tympani branch
134
What are the 4 muscles of the palate
levator palati
tensor palati
palatoglossus
palatopharyngeus
135
What innervates the 4 muscles of the palate
The pharyngeal plexus innervates 3 muscles except for the tensor palati which is innervated by the medial pterygoid branch of V3
136
Origin and attachment of tensor palati
From scaphoid fossa of sphenoid bone and lateral wall of cartilaginous auditory tube to hamulus where is forms a tendon which then turns medially and contributes to palatal aponeurosis •Tenses palate
137
Origin and attachment of palatoglossus
•From palatal aponeurosis, fibres intertwine with levator veli palatini to side of tongue•Depresses palate, elevates tongue, narrows oropharyngeal isthmus
138
Origin and attachment of palatopharyngeus
From the lateral soft palate, joins with salpingopharyngeus to posterior border of thyroid cartilage. •Depresses palate
139
Origin and attachment of uvular muscles
•Paired muscles in the midline of the upper part of the soft palate. From posterior nasal spine (posterior end of hard palate) and palatal aponeurosis to uvula.•Assists levator veli palatini in palatopharyngeal closure
140
•Where do the submandibular ducts drain?
The submandibular ducts drain into the sublingual papilla within the oral cavity proper
141
Describe the location of the submandibular glands
The submandibular glands are located medial to the body of the mandible
142
Which nerves supply parasympathetic, sympathetic and sensory innervation
•Parasympathetic fibres from chorda tympani (facial nerve) which hitchhike on the lingual nerve (branch of V3).•Sympathetic fibres from the sympathetic trunk which then hitchhike on blood supply.•Sensory from lingual nerve (branch of V3)
143
Where do the sublingual ducts drain? (be as specific as possible)
sublingual fold of the oral cavity proper or the sublingual papilla
144
Describe the location of the submandibular glands•
Sublingual glands located between oral mucosa and mylohyoid muscle within the sublingual fossa of the mandible
145
•Which nerves supply parasympathetic, sympathetic, and sensory innervation?
parasympathetic-chorda tympani
SYmpathetic from sympathetic trunk
sensory from lingual nerve
