anat3004 Flashcards
What are the anterior branches of the external carotid
superficial thyroid
lingual
facial
What are the posterior branches of the external carotid
the posterior auricular artery
occipital artery
ascending pharyngeal artery
What are the terminal branches of the external carotid
Maxillary
superficial temporal
What are the branches of the superficial temporal artery
zygomatic arch
transverse facial
What are the branches of the subclavian artery
Vitamin C V-Vertebral artery I- Internal thoracic artery T-thyrocervical trunk C-costo-cervical trunk
Exit of cranial nerve 1
cribriform plate
Exit of occulomotor nerve
superior orbital fissure
Exit of the trochlear nerve
superior orbital fissure
Exit of ophthalmic nerve
superior orbital fissure
Exit of the mandibular nerve
foramen ovale
Exit of the abducens nerve
superior orbital fissure
Exit of the facial nerve
through the internal acoustic meatus and then the stylomastoid foramen
Exit of the vestibulocochlear nerve
internal acoustic meatus
Exit of the glossopharyngeal nerve
jugular foramen
Exit of the vagus nerve
jugular foramen
exit of the spinal accessory nerve
jugular foramen
exit of the hypoglossal nerve
hypoglossal canal
Branches of the maxillary artery
DAM I AM Piss Drunk But Stupid Drunk I Prefer, Must Phone Alcoholics Anonymous
Deep auricular artery anterior tympanic artery middle meningeal artery inferior alveolar artery accessory meningeal artery masseteric artery pterygoid artery deep temporal artery buccinator artery sphenopalatine artery descending palatine artery infraorbital artery posterior superior alveolar artery middle superior alveolar artery pharyngeal artery anterior superior alveolar artery artery of pterygoid canal
What are the contents of the carotid sheath
common carotid artery
internal carotid artery
internal jugular vein
vagus nerve
some lymph nodes
What artery does the maxillary artery originate from?
External carotid artery
Which artery enters the carotid canal
Common carotid artery
Which artery enters the transverse foramina at the level of the sixth cervical vertebra and travels upwards?
Vertebral artery
The superior thyroid, lingual and ascending pharyngeal arteries are branches of which artery?
external carotid
Which two muscles cover the external carotid artery (arteria carotis externa) anteriorly?
sternocleidomastoid muscle
platysma muscle
Which artery gives rise to facial artery
external carotid
At the level of which structure does the maxillary artery break into its terminal branches
pterygopalatine fossa
roughly at which spinal level does the common carotid artery bifurcate
c4
From which artery does the facial artery arise from?
The anterior surface of the external carotid artery
What are the branches of the facial artery
Anna, PLS SIT
Anna, PLS SIT (Ascending palatine artery, Premasseteric artery, Lateral nasal artery, Submental artery, Superior labial artery, Inferior labial artery, Tonsillar artery
Origin of ascending pharyngeal artery
External carotid artery
Which auricular muscles are innervated by the temporal branches of the facial nerve (rami temporales nervi facialis)?
auricularis anterior and auricularis superior
. Which of the following muscles is innervated by the deep buccal branches of the facial nerve (rami buccales nervi facialis)?
levator labii superioris
Which muscle pulls the corners of the mouth downwards
Depressor anguli oris
Between which two muscles of the face does the supratrochlear nerve
frontalis muscle
corrugator supercilli
Which muscle helps in protruding the lower lip
mentalis muscle
What are the insertions of the platysma muscle
above the mandible to the height of the second rib
Which muscle does the angular artery supply
orbicularis occuli
Which muscles does the cervical branch of the facial nerve supply
platysma
Which muscles of facial expression are supplied by the maxillary artery
buccinator muscle
masseter muscle
pterygoid muscles
temporalis muscle
What are the functions of the platysma muscle
it pulls the corner of the mouth laterally and downwards and tightens the skin of the neck
What are the 3 functions of a larynx
1) Respiration
speech
protection
How does the larynx protect?
Closure of epiiglittis prevents food passing into larynx during swallowing. Closure of vocal folds also protective
What are the 3 hyaline cartilages of the larynx
thyroid
cricoid
arytenoid
What are the fibrocartilages of the larynx
1) epiglottis
2) corniculate
3) cuneiform
4) tritiate
name one synovial joint in the larynx
Arytenoid cartilage has a synovial joint with cricoid cartilage at the intermedial surface
And the cricothyroid cartilages
What is the most common kind of joint in the thyroid?
fibrous or ligamentous:
What are the two kinds of folds in the larynx
1) vocal folds
vestibular folds
What are the properties of the vocal folds
They contain elastic vocal ligament medially and vocalis muscle laterally
They are made out of non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
They can form a sphnicter which allows air through for sound
What are some properties of vestibular folds
They are upper folds
They are made of respiratory epithelium
They play a protective minor role in normal phonation but interact with vocal folds to produce a specialised deep sound
What are the two extrinsic larynx membranes
1) thyrohyoid membrane
2) cricotracheal membrane
What are the attachments of the thyrohyoid membrane
They connect upper thyroid cartilage to hyoid thickened posterior border of thyrohyoid membrane
What is the function of cricotracheal membrane
cricoid cartilage to trachea
What are the intrinsic membranes of the larynx
quadrangular membrane and cricothyroid membrane
what are the attachments of the quadrangular membrane
It is present and move down to about the vestibular fold. It’s free inferior margin forms the vestibular fold
What does the lower intrinsic membrane form
The cricothyroid membrane forms the vocal ligament
What are the functions of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
They vary the rima glottis (gap between vocal folds)
They regulate the tension on vocal folds
They modify the inlet of vocal folds
What muscle abducts the rima glottis?
The posterior cricoarythenoid
What muscles adduct the rima glottis
1) lateral cricoarytenoid
2) transverse arytenoid
3) oblique artyenoid
What is the mechanism of the cricoid and the arytenoid which allows you to tense/tighten vocal folds
cricoid rocks backward, pulls arytenoid cartilage posteriorly which pulls on vocal folds.
Cricothyroid is a muscle responsible for moving cricoid
What muscle relaxes vocal folds
1)thyroarytenoid and vocalis
Which intrinsic muscles close the epiglottis (close inlet)
1) aryepiglottic and oblique arytenoid muscles
Which intrinsic muscles widen the inlet
thyroepiglottis
cricothyroid nerve
external laryngeal nerve
Thyroarytenoid nerve
inferior laryngeal nerve
posterior cricoarytenoid nerve
inferior laryngeal nerve
Lateral cricoarytenoid nerve
inferior laryngeal nerve
Transverse and oblique arytenoid nerves
inferior laryngeal nerve
What is the lining of the orbit?
Orbital periosteum
What are the spaces between eye, nerves, muscle and blood vessels filled with?
Orbital fascia
What glands contribute to serous secretions of eyes
Lacrimal gland and accessory serous glands in conjunctiva
What glands contribute to mucus in eyes
Conjunctival glands
What glands contribute to sebaceous glands
Sebaceous tarsal galdns.meibomian glands
What is the function of the iris
This is a variable aperture which controls the amount of light into the retina
What muscle is responsible for the contraction of the iris
circular smooth muscle around pupil
What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in controlling the functionof the iris
The parasympathetic fibres of occulomotor origin contract the eye
The sympathetic fibres of the iris dilates the eye
What are the two functions of the ciliary body?
1) production of aqueous humour
2) accomodation of far and near vision
What makes up the anterior part of the ciliary body?
uvea
What makes up the posterior part of the ciliary body?
non-sensory retina
How does the eye accodomate to near vision?
sphincter of ciliary body contracts
0leading to smaller diameter of ciliary body
causing less tension on zonula fibres
which causes less pull on the lens which rounds out
the lens become less flat and this accomodates for near vision.
The opposite is true for far vision
where is the aqueous humour produced?
in the folds of the ciliary body
What is the drainage of the aqueous humor
canal of schlemm
How does the aqueous humour move?
It is transported into the posterior chamber, pass through the pupil and into the anterior chamber
Sensory retina number of layers
10
summarise the layers of the sensory retina
pigment epithelium
rods and cones are in the retina adjacent to pigment epithelium
What is the optic disc
site of entry for the optic nerve, it lacks photoreceptors
What is the macula and surrounding fovea
all retinal elements are reduced except cones. Rods and other layers are reflected laterally. Yellow pigment.
Summary of the pupillary reflex
light into the eye, and the pupil should contract.
The sensory input is afferent via the optic nerve
The response is via the parasympathetic supply to the sphincter of pupil
Summary of the corneal reflex
The person should blink if the cornea is touched. The
sensory input is the opthalmic nerve
The response is the action on the orbicularis oculi via the facial nerve
What eye muscle does the trochlear nerve innervate?
superior oblique
What muscle does the lateral rectus innervate?
abducens nerve.
What parts of the eye are innervated by the ophthalmic nerve
These are the sensory branches of the eye
1) nasociliary
2) lacrimal
3) frontal
Olfactory foramina contents
Olfactory nerve
Optic canal contents
Optic nerve (CNII), ophthalmic artery, dural sheath of optic nerve
superior orbital fissure contents
oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve, abducent nerve, ophthalmic veins
Foramen rotundum CONTENT
Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve
Foramen ovale content
Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve, accessory meningeal branch of maxillary artery, emissary vein, lesser petrosal nerve
Foramen spinosum content
middle meningeal artery
Foramen lacerum content
greater petrosal nerve
carotid canal content
internal carotid artery
Internal acoustic meatus/foramen
facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve
jugular foramen
glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, descending portion of accessory nerve, internal jugular vein
hypoglossal canal contents
hypoglossal nerve
Which of the following tongue muscles depresses the lateral aspects of the tongue and retracts the tongue inside the mouth
Hyoglossus muscle
Which cranial nerve innervates the palatoglossus
vagus nerve
Which of the following arteries supply the genioglossus and the hyoglossus muscle?
submental and sublingual arteries
The lingual artery (arteria lingualis) runs beneath which of the following muscles?
hyoglossus muscle
Which muscle of the soft palate (palatum molle) acts to elevate the tongue (lingua) and also narrows the oropharyngeal isthmus during digestion?
palatoglossus muscle
Which muscle of the tongue, when bilaterally contracted, depresses the central part of the tongue and protrudes the tongue?
genioglossus
Which of the following muscles of the soft palate (palatum molle) play a role in the closure of the nasopharyngeal isthmus?
palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscle
Which of the following arteries supplies the palatoglossus muscle?
ascending pharyngeal artery
Which veins collect the venous blood of the lingual musculature?
Dorsal and deep lingual vein
Which cranial nerves are responsible for the motor innervation of the tongue?
vagus and hypoglossal nerve
Which cranial nerve is responsible for both the special visceral and general somatic afferent innervation of the root of the tongue (radix linguae)?
vagus nerve
The oral vestibule is located posterior to
the lips and cheeks
The oral vestibule is located anterior to
dental arches and gingiva
What is the roof of the oral cavity proper formed by
Hard and soft palate
The floor of the oral cavity proper contains
the tongue, alveolar lingual sulcus and mylohyoid muscle
What are the lateral boundaries of the oropharyngeal isthmus?
palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds with the palatine tonsils in between
What are the tastebuds found on the dorsum of the tongue
Fungiform, vallate, filliform
What are the tastebuds found on the sides of the tongue?
Foliate papillae
Name the intrinsic muscles of the tongue from superior to inferior
1) superior longitudinal
2) vertical
3) transverse
4) inferior longitudinal
What are the function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue
change shape of the tongue
What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue
Genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus
Genioglossus
1) origin and attachment
2) function
1) mental spine of Mandible to tongue
2) causes protrusion
Hyoglossus
1) origin and attachment
2) function
1) hyoid bone to side of tongue
2) depresses side of tongue
Styloglossus
1) origin and attachment
2) function
1) styloid process of temporal bone to side of tongue
2) it moves tongue up and back during swallowing
Palatoglossus
1) origin and attachment
2) function
1) palatine aponeurosis to tongue
2) elevates tongue, narrow oropharyngeal isthmus
Which artery supplies the tongue?
lingual artery
Which vein drains the tongue
The lingual vein tributary of internal jugular
Which nerves supply general sensation and taste to the oral pharyngeal parts of the tongue
Chorda tympani which hitchhikes via the lingual nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve via a tortuous route which then hitchhikes with the auriculotemporal nerve
What parts of the tongue does the hypoglossal nerve supply
All intrinsic and extrinsic muscles except palatoglossus
What parts of the tongue does the pharyngeal plexus supply
palatoglossus
Which nerve supplies all the intrinsic salivary gland
parasympathetic supply via chorda tympani branch
What are the 4 muscles of the palate
levator palati
tensor palati
palatoglossus
palatopharyngeus
What innervates the 4 muscles of the palate
The pharyngeal plexus innervates 3 muscles except for the tensor palati which is innervated by the medial pterygoid branch of V3
Origin and attachment of tensor palati
From scaphoid fossa of sphenoid bone and lateral wall of cartilaginous auditory tube to hamulus where is forms a tendon which then turns medially and contributes to palatal aponeurosis •Tenses palate
Origin and attachment of palatoglossus
•From palatal aponeurosis, fibres intertwine with levator veli palatini to side of tongue•Depresses palate, elevates tongue, narrows oropharyngeal isthmus
Origin and attachment of palatopharyngeus
From the lateral soft palate, joins with salpingopharyngeus to posterior border of thyroid cartilage. •Depresses palate
Origin and attachment of uvular muscles
•Paired muscles in the midline of the upper part of the soft palate. From posterior nasal spine (posterior end of hard palate) and palatal aponeurosis to uvula.•Assists levator veli palatini in palatopharyngeal closure
•Where do the submandibular ducts drain?
The submandibular ducts drain into the sublingual papilla within the oral cavity proper
Describe the location of the submandibular glands
The submandibular glands are located medial to the body of the mandible
Which nerves supply parasympathetic, sympathetic and sensory innervation
•Parasympathetic fibres from chorda tympani (facial nerve) which hitchhike on the lingual nerve (branch of V3).•Sympathetic fibres from the sympathetic trunk which then hitchhike on blood supply.•Sensory from lingual nerve (branch of V3)
Where do the sublingual ducts drain? (be as specific as possible)
sublingual fold of the oral cavity proper or the sublingual papilla
Describe the location of the submandibular glands•
Sublingual glands located between oral mucosa and mylohyoid muscle within the sublingual fossa of the mandible
•Which nerves supply parasympathetic, sympathetic, and sensory innervation?
parasympathetic-chorda tympani
SYmpathetic from sympathetic trunk
sensory from lingual nerve
