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Semester 2 2021 > anat3004 > Flashcards

anat3004 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the anterior branches of the external carotid

A

superficial thyroid
lingual
facial

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2
Q

What are the posterior branches of the external carotid

A

the posterior auricular artery
occipital artery
ascending pharyngeal artery

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3
Q

What are the terminal branches of the external carotid

A

Maxillary

superficial temporal

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4
Q

What are the branches of the superficial temporal artery

A

zygomatic arch

transverse facial

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5
Q

What are the branches of the subclavian artery

A 
Vitamin C
V-Vertebral artery
I- Internal thoracic artery
T-thyrocervical trunk
C-costo-cervical trunk
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6
Q

Exit of cranial nerve 1

A

cribriform plate

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7
Q

Exit of occulomotor nerve

A

superior orbital fissure

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8
Q

Exit of the trochlear nerve

A

superior orbital fissure

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9
Q

Exit of ophthalmic nerve

A

superior orbital fissure

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10
Q

Exit of the mandibular nerve

A

foramen ovale

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11
Q

Exit of the abducens nerve

A

superior orbital fissure

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12
Q

Exit of the facial nerve

A

through the internal acoustic meatus and then the stylomastoid foramen

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13
Q

Exit of the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

internal acoustic meatus

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14
Q

Exit of the glossopharyngeal nerve

A

jugular foramen

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15
Q

Exit of the vagus nerve

A

jugular foramen

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16
Q

exit of the spinal accessory nerve

A

jugular foramen

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17
Q

exit of the hypoglossal nerve

A

hypoglossal canal

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18
Q

Branches of the maxillary artery

A

DAM I AM Piss Drunk But Stupid Drunk I Prefer, Must Phone Alcoholics Anonymous

Deep auricular artery
anterior tympanic artery
middle meningeal artery
inferior alveolar artery
accessory meningeal artery
masseteric artery
pterygoid artery
deep temporal artery
buccinator artery
sphenopalatine artery
descending palatine artery
infraorbital artery
posterior superior alveolar artery
middle superior alveolar artery
pharyngeal artery
anterior superior alveolar artery 
artery of pterygoid canal
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19
Q

What are the contents of the carotid sheath

A

common carotid artery
internal carotid artery
internal jugular vein
vagus nerve

some lymph nodes

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20
Q

What artery does the maxillary artery originate from?

A

External carotid artery

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21
Q

Which artery enters the carotid canal

A

Common carotid artery

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22
Q

Which artery enters the transverse foramina at the level of the sixth cervical vertebra and travels upwards?

A

Vertebral artery

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23
Q

The superior thyroid, lingual and ascending pharyngeal arteries are branches of which artery?

A

external carotid

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24
Q

Which two muscles cover the external carotid artery (arteria carotis externa) anteriorly?

A

sternocleidomastoid muscle

platysma muscle

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25
Q

Which artery gives rise to facial artery

A

external carotid

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26
Q

At the level of which structure does the maxillary artery break into its terminal branches

A

pterygopalatine fossa

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27
Q

roughly at which spinal level does the common carotid artery bifurcate

A

c4

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28
Q

From which artery does the facial artery arise from?

A

The anterior surface of the external carotid artery

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29
Q

What are the branches of the facial artery

A

Anna, PLS SIT

Anna, PLS SIT (Ascending palatine artery, Premasseteric artery, Lateral nasal artery, Submental artery, Superior labial artery, Inferior labial artery, Tonsillar artery

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30
Q

Origin of ascending pharyngeal artery

A

External carotid artery

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31
Q

Which auricular muscles are innervated by the temporal branches of the facial nerve (rami temporales nervi facialis)?

A

auricularis anterior and auricularis superior

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32
Q

. Which of the following muscles is innervated by the deep buccal branches of the facial nerve (rami buccales nervi facialis)?

A

levator labii superioris

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33
Q

Which muscle pulls the corners of the mouth downwards

A

Depressor anguli oris

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34
Q

Between which two muscles of the face does the supratrochlear nerve

A

frontalis muscle

corrugator supercilli

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35
Q

Which muscle helps in protruding the lower lip

A

mentalis muscle

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36
Q

What are the insertions of the platysma muscle

A

above the mandible to the height of the second rib

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37
Q

Which muscle does the angular artery supply

A

orbicularis occuli

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38
Q

Which muscles does the cervical branch of the facial nerve supply

A

platysma

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39
Q

Which muscles of facial expression are supplied by the maxillary artery

A

buccinator muscle
masseter muscle
pterygoid muscles
temporalis muscle

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40
Q

What are the functions of the platysma muscle

A

it pulls the corner of the mouth laterally and downwards and tightens the skin of the neck

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41
Q

What are the 3 functions of a larynx

A

1) Respiration
speech
protection

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42
Q

How does the larynx protect?

A

Closure of epiiglittis prevents food passing into larynx during swallowing. Closure of vocal folds also protective

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43
Q

What are the 3 hyaline cartilages of the larynx

A

thyroid
cricoid
arytenoid

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44
Q

What are the fibrocartilages of the larynx

A

1) epiglottis
2) corniculate
3) cuneiform
4) tritiate

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45
Q

name one synovial joint in the larynx

A

Arytenoid cartilage has a synovial joint with cricoid cartilage at the intermedial surface

And the cricothyroid cartilages

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46
Q

What is the most common kind of joint in the thyroid?

A

fibrous or ligamentous:

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47
Q

What are the two kinds of folds in the larynx

A

1) vocal folds

vestibular folds

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48
Q

What are the properties of the vocal folds

A

They contain elastic vocal ligament medially and vocalis muscle laterally

They are made out of non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

They can form a sphnicter which allows air through for sound

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49
Q

What are some properties of vestibular folds

A

They are upper folds
They are made of respiratory epithelium

They play a protective minor role in normal phonation but interact with vocal folds to produce a specialised deep sound

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50
Q

What are the two extrinsic larynx membranes

A

1) thyrohyoid membrane

2) cricotracheal membrane

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51
Q

What are the attachments of the thyrohyoid membrane

A

They connect upper thyroid cartilage to hyoid thickened posterior border of thyrohyoid membrane

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52
Q

What is the function of cricotracheal membrane

A

cricoid cartilage to trachea

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53
Q

What are the intrinsic membranes of the larynx

A

quadrangular membrane and cricothyroid membrane

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54
Q

what are the attachments of the quadrangular membrane

A

It is present and move down to about the vestibular fold. It’s free inferior margin forms the vestibular fold

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55
Q

What does the lower intrinsic membrane form

A

The cricothyroid membrane forms the vocal ligament

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56
Q

What are the functions of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

They vary the rima glottis (gap between vocal folds)

They regulate the tension on vocal folds

They modify the inlet of vocal folds

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57
Q

What muscle abducts the rima glottis?

A

The posterior cricoarythenoid

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58
Q

What muscles adduct the rima glottis

A

1) lateral cricoarytenoid
2) transverse arytenoid
3) oblique artyenoid

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59
Q

What is the mechanism of the cricoid and the arytenoid which allows you to tense/tighten vocal folds

A

cricoid rocks backward, pulls arytenoid cartilage posteriorly which pulls on vocal folds.

Cricothyroid is a muscle responsible for moving cricoid

60
Q

What muscle relaxes vocal folds

A

1)thyroarytenoid and vocalis

61
Q

Which intrinsic muscles close the epiglottis (close inlet)

A

1) aryepiglottic and oblique arytenoid muscles

62
Q

Which intrinsic muscles widen the inlet

A

thyroepiglottis

63
Q

cricothyroid nerve

A

external laryngeal nerve

64
Q

Thyroarytenoid nerve

A

inferior laryngeal nerve

65
Q

posterior cricoarytenoid nerve

A

inferior laryngeal nerve

66
Q

Lateral cricoarytenoid nerve

A

inferior laryngeal nerve

67
Q

Transverse and oblique arytenoid nerves

A

inferior laryngeal nerve

68
Q

What is the lining of the orbit?

A

Orbital periosteum

69
Q

What are the spaces between eye, nerves, muscle and blood vessels filled with?

A

Orbital fascia

70
Q

What glands contribute to serous secretions of eyes

A

Lacrimal gland and accessory serous glands in conjunctiva

71
Q

What glands contribute to mucus in eyes

A

Conjunctival glands

72
Q

What glands contribute to sebaceous glands

A

Sebaceous tarsal galdns.meibomian glands

73
Q

What is the function of the iris

A

This is a variable aperture which controls the amount of light into the retina

74
Q

What muscle is responsible for the contraction of the iris

A

circular smooth muscle around pupil

75
Q

What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in controlling the functionof the iris

A

The parasympathetic fibres of occulomotor origin contract the eye

The sympathetic fibres of the iris dilates the eye

76
Q

What are the two functions of the ciliary body?

A

1) production of aqueous humour

2) accomodation of far and near vision

77
Q

What makes up the anterior part of the ciliary body?

A

uvea

78
Q

What makes up the posterior part of the ciliary body?

A

non-sensory retina

79
Q

How does the eye accodomate to near vision?

A

sphincter of ciliary body contracts
0leading to smaller diameter of ciliary body
causing less tension on zonula fibres
which causes less pull on the lens which rounds out

the lens become less flat and this accomodates for near vision.

The opposite is true for far vision

80
Q

where is the aqueous humour produced?

A

in the folds of the ciliary body

81
Q

What is the drainage of the aqueous humor

A

canal of schlemm

82
Q

How does the aqueous humour move?

A

It is transported into the posterior chamber, pass through the pupil and into the anterior chamber

83
Q

Sensory retina number of layers

A

10

84
Q

summarise the layers of the sensory retina

A

pigment epithelium

rods and cones are in the retina adjacent to pigment epithelium

85
Q

What is the optic disc

A

site of entry for the optic nerve, it lacks photoreceptors

86
Q

What is the macula and surrounding fovea

A

all retinal elements are reduced except cones. Rods and other layers are reflected laterally. Yellow pigment.

87
Q

Summary of the pupillary reflex

A

light into the eye, and the pupil should contract.

The sensory input is afferent via the optic nerve

The response is via the parasympathetic supply to the sphincter of pupil

88
Q

Summary of the corneal reflex

A

The person should blink if the cornea is touched. The
sensory input is the opthalmic nerve

The response is the action on the orbicularis oculi via the facial nerve

89
Q

What eye muscle does the trochlear nerve innervate?

A

superior oblique

90
Q

What muscle does the lateral rectus innervate?

A

abducens nerve.

91
Q

What parts of the eye are innervated by the ophthalmic nerve

A

These are the sensory branches of the eye

1) nasociliary
2) lacrimal
3) frontal

92
Q

Olfactory foramina contents

A

Olfactory nerve

93
Q

Optic canal contents

A

Optic nerve (CNII), ophthalmic artery, dural sheath of optic nerve

94
Q

superior orbital fissure contents

A

oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve, abducent nerve, ophthalmic veins

95
Q

Foramen rotundum CONTENT

A

Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve

96
Q

Foramen ovale content

A

Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve, accessory meningeal branch of maxillary artery, emissary vein, lesser petrosal nerve

97
Q

Foramen spinosum content

A

middle meningeal artery

98
Q

Foramen lacerum content

A

greater petrosal nerve

99
Q

carotid canal content

A

internal carotid artery

100
Q

Internal acoustic meatus/foramen

A

facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve

101
Q

jugular foramen

A

glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, descending portion of accessory nerve, internal jugular vein

102
Q

hypoglossal canal contents

A

hypoglossal nerve

103
Q

Which of the following tongue muscles depresses the lateral aspects of the tongue and retracts the tongue inside the mouth

A

Hyoglossus muscle

104
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates the palatoglossus

A

vagus nerve

105
Q

Which of the following arteries supply the genioglossus and the hyoglossus muscle?

A

submental and sublingual arteries

106
Q

The lingual artery (arteria lingualis) runs beneath which of the following muscles?

A

hyoglossus muscle

107
Q

Which muscle of the soft palate (palatum molle) acts to elevate the tongue (lingua) and also narrows the oropharyngeal isthmus during digestion?

A

palatoglossus muscle

108
Q

Which muscle of the tongue, when bilaterally contracted, depresses the central part of the tongue and protrudes the tongue?

A

genioglossus

109
Q

Which of the following muscles of the soft palate (palatum molle) play a role in the closure of the nasopharyngeal isthmus?

A

palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscle

110
Q

Which of the following arteries supplies the palatoglossus muscle?

A

ascending pharyngeal artery

111
Q

Which veins collect the venous blood of the lingual musculature?

A

Dorsal and deep lingual vein

112
Q

Which cranial nerves are responsible for the motor innervation of the tongue?

A

vagus and hypoglossal nerve

113
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for both the special visceral and general somatic afferent innervation of the root of the tongue (radix linguae)?

A

vagus nerve

114
Q

The oral vestibule is located posterior to

A

the lips and cheeks

115
Q

The oral vestibule is located anterior to

A

dental arches and gingiva

116
Q

What is the roof of the oral cavity proper formed by

A

Hard and soft palate

117
Q

The floor of the oral cavity proper contains

A

the tongue, alveolar lingual sulcus and mylohyoid muscle

118
Q

What are the lateral boundaries of the oropharyngeal isthmus?

A

palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds with the palatine tonsils in between

119
Q

What are the tastebuds found on the dorsum of the tongue

A

Fungiform, vallate, filliform

120
Q

What are the tastebuds found on the sides of the tongue?

A

Foliate papillae

121
Q

Name the intrinsic muscles of the tongue from superior to inferior

A

1) superior longitudinal
2) vertical
3) transverse
4) inferior longitudinal

122
Q

What are the function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

change shape of the tongue

123
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus

124
Q

Genioglossus

1) origin and attachment
2) function

A

1) mental spine of Mandible to tongue

2) causes protrusion

125
Q

Hyoglossus

1) origin and attachment
2) function

A

1) hyoid bone to side of tongue

2) depresses side of tongue

126
Q

Styloglossus

1) origin and attachment
2) function

A

1) styloid process of temporal bone to side of tongue

2) it moves tongue up and back during swallowing

127
Q

Palatoglossus

1) origin and attachment
2) function

A

1) palatine aponeurosis to tongue

2) elevates tongue, narrow oropharyngeal isthmus

128
Q

Which artery supplies the tongue?

A

lingual artery

129
Q

Which vein drains the tongue

A

The lingual vein tributary of internal jugular

130
Q

Which nerves supply general sensation and taste to the oral pharyngeal parts of the tongue

A

Chorda tympani which hitchhikes via the lingual nerve

Glossopharyngeal nerve via a tortuous route which then hitchhikes with the auriculotemporal nerve

131
Q

What parts of the tongue does the hypoglossal nerve supply

A

All intrinsic and extrinsic muscles except palatoglossus

132
Q

What parts of the tongue does the pharyngeal plexus supply

A

palatoglossus

133
Q

Which nerve supplies all the intrinsic salivary gland

A

parasympathetic supply via chorda tympani branch

134
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the palate

A

levator palati
tensor palati
palatoglossus
palatopharyngeus

135
Q

What innervates the 4 muscles of the palate

A

The pharyngeal plexus innervates 3 muscles except for the tensor palati which is innervated by the medial pterygoid branch of V3

136
Q

Origin and attachment of tensor palati

A

From scaphoid fossa of sphenoid bone and lateral wall of cartilaginous auditory tube to hamulus where is forms a tendon which then turns medially and contributes to palatal aponeurosis •Tenses palate

137
Q

Origin and attachment of palatoglossus

A

•From palatal aponeurosis, fibres intertwine with levator veli palatini to side of tongue•Depresses palate, elevates tongue, narrows oropharyngeal isthmus

138
Q

Origin and attachment of palatopharyngeus

A

From the lateral soft palate, joins with salpingopharyngeus to posterior border of thyroid cartilage. •Depresses palate

139
Q

Origin and attachment of uvular muscles

A

•Paired muscles in the midline of the upper part of the soft palate. From posterior nasal spine (posterior end of hard palate) and palatal aponeurosis to uvula.•Assists levator veli palatini in palatopharyngeal closure

140
Q

•Where do the submandibular ducts drain?

A

The submandibular ducts drain into the sublingual papilla within the oral cavity proper

141
Q

Describe the location of the submandibular glands

A

The submandibular glands are located medial to the body of the mandible

142
Q

Which nerves supply parasympathetic, sympathetic and sensory innervation

A

•Parasympathetic fibres from chorda tympani (facial nerve) which hitchhike on the lingual nerve (branch of V3).•Sympathetic fibres from the sympathetic trunk which then hitchhike on blood supply.•Sensory from lingual nerve (branch of V3)

143
Q

Where do the sublingual ducts drain? (be as specific as possible)

A

sublingual fold of the oral cavity proper or the sublingual papilla

144
Q

Describe the location of the submandibular glands•

A

Sublingual glands located between oral mucosa and mylohyoid muscle within the sublingual fossa of the mandible

145
Q

•Which nerves supply parasympathetic, sympathetic, and sensory innervation?

A

parasympathetic-chorda tympani
SYmpathetic from sympathetic trunk
sensory from lingual nerve

Semester 2 2021 (7 decks)

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