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Semester 2 2021 > final anat revision > Flashcards

final anat revision Flashcards

1
Q

what percent of tissue fluid is transported by the lymphatics and what percent is transported by veins?

A

20% vs 80”

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2
Q

Where does lymph empty into the venous system?

A

subclavian vein

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3
Q

Are lymph capillaries permeable, blindly ending tubes in connective tissue

A

yes they are

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4
Q

Is lymph found in dental pulp?

A

yes

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5
Q

Is lymph found in cartilage?

A

yes

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6
Q

Does the thoracic duct have lymph nodes?

A

no

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7
Q

What is the size of lymph nodes?

A

1-25mm long

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8
Q

What lymph trunks do not have valves

A

jugular lymph trunks

This is so lymph can flow from the thoracic duct to the left jugular trunk

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9
Q

List the superficial nodes of the head

A 
ORB P
occipital
retroauricular
parotid
buccal
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10
Q

list the superficial nodes of the neck

A

SAS
submental
submandibular
anterior cervical

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11
Q

Name a deep node of the head

A

lingual node

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12
Q

Name the deep cervical nodes of the neck

A

Superior
jugulodigastric
retropharyngeal

Inferior
Jugulo-omohyoid
Virchow’s node/supraclavicular

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13
Q

Where does all the lymph from the head and neck drain into

A

jugular lymph trunks

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14
Q

Where does the lymph of the floor of mouth, mandibular teeth and gingivae drain?

A

submandibular and submental lymph nodes

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15
Q

where does the lymph of the tongue drain

A

submental, submandibular, upper and lower deep nodes

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16
Q

where does the lymph of the hard and soft palate, maxillary teeth and gingivae drain?

A

retropharyngeal nodes

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17
Q

Clinical nodes of virchow’s node

A

its also known as the left supraclavicular/anterior scalene group. It is closest to the jugular trunk and it means that there is retrograde flow from the thoracic duct-spread from the extensive territories of the thoracic duct drains there

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18
Q

Are anatomical nerves mixed

A

yes

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19
Q

difference between somatic motor and autonomic nerves

A

somatic motor neurons are found in the brain and spinal cord, but importantly there is NO SECOND NERVE CELL BODY.

Autonomic neuron has a preganglionic axon which synapses to post ganglionic axons

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20
Q

List the origin of the sympathetic nerve

A

thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord

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21
Q

List the 4 parasympathetic ganglions of the head

A

Ciliary ganglion-in orbit
pterygopalatine ganglion in pterygopalatine fossa
submandibular ganglion
otic ganglion

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22
Q

Forehead muscles of facial expression

A

frontal belly occiptofrontalis

corregator supercilii

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23
Q

eye muscles of facial expression

A

orbicularis occuli

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24
Q

nose muscles of facial expression

A

procerus
nasalis
levator labii superioris alaque nasi

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25
Q

corregator supercilii function

A

frowning

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26
Q

orbicularis oculi function

A

closes eye, directs tear flow, lower eyelid

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27
Q

What is the modiolus

A

fibromuscular structure extending from skin to mucosa

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28
Q

Function of zygomaticus major

A

elevate corner of mouth

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29
Q

function of levator anguli oris

A

elevates corner of mouth

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30
Q

function of buccinator

A

draw in position cheeks to direct food over molars

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31
Q

buccinator attachments

A

arises outer surfaces of maxilla, mandible and ptergomandibular raphe to attach to modiolis

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32
Q

platysma function

A

depresses lower lip and corners of mouth

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33
Q

platysma attachments

A

body of mandible, modiolis and modiolar muscles to skin over pectoralis, depresses lower lip and corners of mouth. Tenses skin of anterior neck

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34
Q

depressor anguli oris function

A

moves corners of the mouth down

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35
Q

orbicularis oris

A

sphincter of mouth

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36
Q

alaeque nasi function

A

raises upper lip, dilates nostril

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37
Q

levator labii superioris

A

raises upper lip

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38
Q

zygomaticus minor function

A

raises upper lip

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39
Q

depressor labii inferioris

A

moves lower lip down

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40
Q

mentalis function

A

raises base of lower lip-protrusion and eversion

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41
Q

fat pad function

A

they are important for forming important contours of the face

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42
Q

buccal fat pad

A

lies between the midface muscles of expression and buccinator. The parotid duct and sensory buccal nerve pass through it.

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43
Q

Five layers of the scalp

A 
Skin
Connective tissue-superficial fascia
Aponeurosis-epicranial aponeurosis
Loose fascia
Periosteum
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44
Q

what innervates face and scalp

A

be wary of sensory and motor innervations are different

Sensory innervation is from trigeminal nerve

motor is from facial nerve

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45
Q

What is the parotid capsule derived from

A

deep cervical fascia

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46
Q

list the structures which the parotid capsule is attached to

A

zygomatic arch, mandible, styloid process and tympanic plate

zuper mst

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47
Q

What part of the capsule forms the styloid process

A

The part of the capsule which is attached to the styloid process and angle of mandible forms the stylomandibular ligament

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48
Q

What is the parasympathetic supply to parotid

A

glossopharyngeal hitchiking on auriculotemporal nerve

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49
Q

Where is sensory innervation of parotid from

A

auriculotemporal nerves, and greater auricular branch of the cervical plexus

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50
Q

What is the origin of the sympathetic supply of the parotid

A

external carotid plexus

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51
Q

Name structures located in the parotid gland from deepest to most superficial

A

Deepest:external carotid enters-> maxillary artery and superficial temporal artery-?transverse facial artery. The posterior auricular artery may also arise within parotid

The intermediate: superficial temporal and maxillary veins/arteries and finally the retromandibular vein

Superficial: facial nerve and cutaneous motor branches

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52
Q

What nerve fibers anastamose at geniculate ganglion

A

taste fibres from chorda tympani
taste fibres from soft palate via greater petrosal nerve
cutaneous sensory fibres from skin of ear
parasympathetic fibres do not synapse

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53
Q

What part of the facial nerve leaves 5mm above stylomastoid foramen

A

sensory chorda tympani.

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54
Q

facial nerves emerges from the skull at the stylomastoid foramen and curves medially to give off:

A

1) posterior auricular nerve to occipital belly of occipitofrontalis

small branches to the posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid

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55
Q

temporal branch supplies:

A

occipitofrontalis, orbicularis oculi

corregator supercilii

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56
Q

zygomatic branch supplies

A

orbicularis oculi

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57
Q

buccal branches supply

A

zygomaticus major, minor, procerus, nasalis, levator labii superioris alaque nasi, levator labii superioris, levator anguli oris, buccinator, orbicularis oris

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58
Q

marginal mandibular branches

A

risorius and all the muscles that depress lip

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59
Q

list the branches of the opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve

A 
supratrochlear
supraorbital
lacrimal
infratrochlear
external nasal
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60
Q

list the branches of the maxillary division

A

1) zygomatico-orbital
2) zygomaticofacial
3) zygomaticotemporal
4) infraorbital

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61
Q

branches of the mandibular division

A

deep sensory buccal
auriculotemporal
mental

62
Q

origin of motor root in trigeminal nerve

A

pons

63
Q

origin of facial nerve

A

different nuclei of the pons

64
Q

what kind of neurons are the sensory processes of the trigeminal nerve

A

unipolar neurons

65
Q

Where do the proprioceptive axons of the muscles of mastication have their cell bodies found?

A

They are found in the sensory nuclei of the trigeminal in the pons

66
Q

meningeal branch of mandibular nerve

A

pass through foramen spinosum and supply meninges of middle cranial fossa and mastoid air cells

67
Q

medial pterygoid nerve

A

arises from posterior surface of mandibular trunk and inserts into the medial pterygoid muscle

The medial pterygoid nerve has 2 tiny branches near its origin- the tensor palati and tensor tympani nerves

68
Q

mandibular trunk divisions

A

meningeal branch and medial pterygoid nerve

69
Q

mandibular nerve anterior division

A

muscles supplying muscles of mastication such as

1) masseteric nerve
2) deep temporal nerves
3) lateral pterygoid nerve

70
Q

sensory buccal nerve

A

known to supply motor innervation to buccinator and also supply sensory fibres to cheek, buccal mucosa, buccal gingiva

71
Q

mandibular branch posterior division

A

1) lingual nerve
auriculotemporal nerve
inferior alveolar nerve
mental nerve

72
Q

What are the articular surfaces of tmj

A

of mandible-head of condyle
of temporal bone-mandibular/glenoid fossa, anterior articular tubercle

articular disc attached to joint capsule

73
Q

what are the stabilising structures of the TMJ

A

JOINT capsule
post glenoid tubercle
stylomandibular ligament
sphenomandibular ligament

74
Q

What kind of structures are the articular surfaces of the TMJ

A

The disc is fibrocartilage

The capsule is collagen

both superior and inferior internal surfaces of the capsule are lined with a synovial membrane. This is a specialised fibrocellular covering which produces synovial fluid and precise viscosity and chemical composition

the condyle

75
Q

What makes the TMJ an atypical synovial joint

A

Atypical synovial joints are movable joints with membrane in protected locations. They are atypical because of the type covering the ends of the articulating bones. The ends of the bones in most synovial joints are covered with hyaline/articular cartilage.

76
Q

what kind of joint is the TMJ

A

The TMJ is a ginglymoarthrosis- a sliding hinge joint

77
Q

What is the function of the articular disc in the TMJ

A

help control movement and limit trauma

78
Q

Innervation of the TMJ

A

MAD
masseteric
auriculotemporal
deep temporal

these are sensory

proprioception and pain fibres included

79
Q

What is the blood supply to the TMJ

A

SAD
Superficial temporal
Ascending pharyngeal branch of the external carotid and the deep auricular

80
Q

muscles of mastication vascular supply

A

arteries are superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery

Venous drainage is into the pterygoid venous plexus

81
Q

Masseter attachments

A

medial surface of maxillary surface of zygomer and anterior zygomatic arch to angle and ramus of mandible

deep part also connects to coronoid process

82
Q

temporalis muscle attachments

A

superior temporal line and zygomatic arch to medial coronoid process and upper ramus

83
Q

temporalis vascular supply

A

superficial temporal artery and deep temporal branches maxillary artery

84
Q

Muscles involved in depressing the TMJ

A

Lateral pterygoid, supra and infrahyoid

85
Q

Muscles involved in elevating the TMJ

A

Temporalis, masseter and medial pterygoid

86
Q

Lateral pterygoid muscle origins

A

smaller head arises from infratemporal surface of sphenoid

Lowerhead rises from lateral pterygoid plate, both insert ont neck of condyle of mandible and capsule of TMJ

87
Q

Medial pterygoid origins

A

deep head arises medial side of lateral pterygoid plate, superficial head arises from pyramidal process of palatine bone both heads go to medial surface of ramus

88
Q

summary of lateral and medial pterygoid relationships

A

-masseteric nerve-above upper head of lateral pterygoid-maxillary artery –VARIABLE -superficial (55 –70%)or deep (30 –45%)to lower head of lateral pterygoid, then between two heads into pterygopalatine fossa.-buccal nerve passes between 2 heads.-inferior alveolar nerve & artery & lingual nerve pass between lower border.MEDIAL PTERYGOID-lingual nerve & inferior alveolar artery & nerve are lateral.

89
Q

Buccinator

A

attached to outer surfaces of posterior mandible & maxilla & to the pterygomandibular raphe* -posterior part of muscle is deep /medial to medial pterygoid, anterior part curves towards to modiolus where fibres cross over & insert into orbicularis oris.-dual innervation -buccal branch of facial nerve (motor) and probably long/sensory buccal branch of mandibular nerve.-buccal fat pad separates posterior buccinator & pterygomandibular raphe from ramus of mandible & masseter.

90
Q

What are spaces between the eye, nerves, muscles and blood vessels filled with

A

Orbital fascia-coarsely loculated fat

91
Q

origin of levator palpebrae superioris

A

arises lesser wing of sphenoid, above rectus superior and optic canal

92
Q

Where do superior inferior and medial recti arise

A

tendinous ring around optic nerve

93
Q

Where does lateral rectus arise

A

from lateral part of tendinous ring and from lateral margin of orbital fissure.

94
Q

Where does the superior oblique arise from

A

body of sphenoid superomedial to optic canal and between superior and middle recti. Forms a tendon anteriorly that passes through a fibrocartilagenous sling

95
Q

Inferior oblique

A

arises orbital surface of maxilla lateral to nasolacrimal groove. Passes between inferior rectus and orbital floor and then between orbit and lateral rectus. Inserts into sclera behind equator and between rectus inferior and lateral rectus

96
Q

inferior oblique movement

A

eye up and out

97
Q

superior oblique movement

A

down and out

98
Q

tarsal plates

A

eyelid ligament things

99
Q

what is the orbital septum?

A

A fascial sheet attached to periosteum of orbital rim and levator tendon

100
Q

What does the conjunctiva contain

A

goblet cell

101
Q

Meibom’s glands/ sebaceous tarsal glands

A

empty into the free margin of the eyelid. The oily secretion spreads out over the tear film and contributes to its stability

102
Q

conjunctiva vs sclera

A

conjunctiva is a mucous membrane covering the outer part of the sclera

103
Q

iris function

A

vary aperture to control amount of light into retina

104
Q

how many cell layers is the lens

A

2 cell layers

105
Q

what is the shape of the lens

A

anterior cuboidal

106
Q

ciliary body function

A

production of aqueous humor

accomodation for far and near vision

107
Q

What is the main refractive apparatus of the eye

A

cornea-not lens

108
Q

accomodation notes

A

less tension on zonule fibres, less pull and this causes long vision

Tension, and rounder lens accomodates for near vision

109
Q

What is the junction between sensory retina and non-sensory retina

A

ora serrata

110
Q

Where does aqueous humour drain?

A

80% drains from eye via the trabecular meshwork into scleral venus sinus. the remainning 20% drains into the uveoscleral angle

111
Q

Ophthalmic nerve innervation

A

lacrimal gland and skin
frontal side of face via supratrochlear and supraorbital

nasociliary division into the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina

112
Q

autonomic innervation of iris and ciliary body

A

The ophthalmic nerve is not just sensory, as both the nasociliary and lacrimal branches carry parasympathetic fibres deriived from other nerves to iris-from occulomotor nerve via ciliary ganglion and to the lacrimal gland. The ophthalmic nerve itself is purely sensory

113
Q

Parasympathetic innervation in the eye reasons?

A

contract sphincters of pupil and ciliary body

contraction of ciliary muscle decreases tension on zonule fibres connecting ciliary body and lens results in a decrease in the diameter of the ciliary body. This results in lens becoming more round which gives accomodation for near vision

114
Q

sympathetic innervation in eye reasons

A

dilate pupil

vasomotor to blood vessels

115
Q

Blood supply of eye

A

ophthalmic artery and venous drainage via retinal veins.
retinal veins converge on optic disc and enter optic nerve as central vein of retina. Drain into superior ophthalmic vein then into the cavernous sinus

Inferior ophthalmic vein drains orbit into the cavernous sinus

116
Q

Larynx main functions

A

respiration
vocalisation
protection of respiratory passages during swallowing such as closure of epiglottis preventing food from passing into the larynx during swallowing

117
Q

vocal process of arytenoid attachments

A

attaches to vocal ligament, vocalis muscle

118
Q

Synovial joints of the larynx

A

cricothyroid

cricoarytenoid

119
Q

What surrounds the laryngeal inlet

A

the upper border of epiglottis and aryepiglottic folds

120
Q

What are the vocal folds made of

A

elastic vocal ligament, vocalis muscle, and its changes in width and shape of space between folds control sounds and flow of air

121
Q

Vestibular folds

A

soft folds of mucous membrane. Play only a minor role in normal phonation but have a protective function and are used in conjunction with the vocal folds to produce specialised sounds

122
Q

what are the 2 extrinsic membranes

A

Thyrohyoid membrane

cricotracheal membrane

123
Q

What are the 2 intrinsic membranes

A

quadrangular membrane and cricothyroid membrane

124
Q

What is special about quadrangular membrane

A

free inferior margin forms vestibular ligament

125
Q

What is special about cricothyroid membrane

A

free superior margin forms vocal ligament

126
Q

lateral cricoarytenoid function

A

rotate vocal processes of arytenoids medially

127
Q

transverse arytenoid and oblique arytenoid function

A

pull the arytenoids together

128
Q

What tenses and tighten vocal folds

A

cricothyroids

129
Q

What relaxes vocal folds

A

thyroarytenoids and vocalis

130
Q

What closes and widens inlet

A

aryepiglottic and oblique arytenoids close inlet, thyroepiglottics widen inlet

131
Q

vagus and aorta left side

A

on the left side of the thorax the vagus crosses anterior surface of the arch of the aorta and gives off recurrent laryngeal nerve which loops under the arch of the aorta

132
Q

recurrent laryngeal nerve and right side

A

vagus crosses the anterior surface of the subclavian artery and gives off recurrent laryngeal nerve which loops under the subclavian artery

133
Q

recurrent laryngeal nerve and trachea

A

On both sides the recurrent laryngeal nerves run in the groove between oesophagus & trachea & then pass deep/posterior to thyroid gland (see below)In the thorax both vagi then divide up into plexuses (cardiac, pulmonary & oesophageal plexuses & then form anterior & posterior vagi & finally enter abdomen on oesophagus)

134
Q

internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve function

A

pierces through thyrohyoid membrane and supplies mucosa down to level of and including vocal folds.

135
Q

external branch of superior laryngeal nerve supplies

A

supplies cricothyroid muscle and inferior constrictor muscle

136
Q

recurrent laryngeal nerve function

A

ascends in groove between trachea & oesophagus, behind thyroid , passes deep to lower border of inferior constrictor to enter larynx -supplies all laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid & also supplies mucus membrane below vocal fold

137
Q

Thyroid

A

endocrine gland, two lateral lobes joined medially by an isthmus. May also have an extra pyramidal lobe.-lobes extend from thyroid cartilage of larynx to 4thor 5thtracheal cartilage-deep to infrahyoid musclesThyroid produces thyroid hormones (metabolic stimulation) & calcitonin (reduces blood calcium). Parathyroids (usually 4) are separate organs closely associated with the posterior surface of the thyroid (parathyroid hormone –elevates blood calcium, essential for life). Thyroid & parathyroids are in close proximity to the recurrent laryngeal nerves & care has to be taken to locate their exact position when thyroid surgery is being planned.

138
Q

function of the external ear

A

collects mechanical sounds and vibrations

139
Q

function of the eardrum and tympanic membrane

A

transmission, amplification

140
Q

funcyion of inner ear

A

sensation and balance

141
Q

What is found in the cartilagenous part of the external accoustic meatus

A

ceruminous glands (waxy sweat glands)

142
Q

Ossicles
joints
bones

A 
all joints are synovial joints covered with mucosa. 
MIS
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
143
Q

Stapedius

A

facial nerve–is a muscular part that lies in canal in post wall, supplied by the facial nerve

144
Q

Function of tensor tympani

A

muscles usually work together in a reflex response to high intensity sounds. They contract and reduce the vibrations of the ossicles and in turn reduces sound intensity before it reaches the inner ear. The tensor tympani also pulls the tympanic membrane inward, which reduces intensity transmission. Tensor tympani also reduces intensity of sounds produced by chewing.

145
Q

What kind of epithelium is the auditory tube?

A

respiratory epithelium

146
Q

What is the function of the auditory tube

A

allows air into the middle ear and mucus out-it keeps the air pressure from both sides of the tympanic membrane the same.

147
Q

attachment of superior pharyngeal constrictir

A

pharyngeal raphe, and skull and tongue and pterygomandibular raphe

148
Q

attachment of pharyngeal constrictor

A

hyoid bone

149
Q

attachment of inferior pharyngeal constrictor

A

thyroid and cricoid of larynx

150
Q

salpingopharyngeus

A

salpinx means horn

it attaches to the auditory tube, blends with palatopharyngeus and attaches to thyroid and pharyngeal wall

151
Q

stylopharyngeus muscle

A

it binds to the styloid process of temporal bone. Thyroid and pharyngeal wall

152
Q

Palatopharyngeus muscle

A

attaches with soft palate, binds with thyroid and pharyngeal wall, blends with salpingopharyngeus muscle

Semester 2 2021 (7 decks)

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