Some embryo stuff (does include reproductive stuffs now, has all blueboxes that aren't in moore's or self-explanatory like micropenis) Flashcards
1
Q
Fate of intraembryonic coelum
A
embryonic body cavity - the pericardial cavity, two pericardioperitoneal canals (pleural cavity precursor), and the peritoneal cavity
2
Q
derivation of parietal layer of peritoneum (What it’s derived from)
A
mesothelium (derived from somatic mesoderm)
3
Q
Derivation of visceral layer of peritoneum (what it’s derived from)
A
mesothelium (derived from splanchnic mesoderm)
4
Q
Transiently, the ____ and ____ divide the peritoneal cavity into right and left halves.
A
ventral and dorsal mesentery
5
Q
The profusion of the foregut, midgut, and hindgut and what these structures travel through.
A
foregut - celiac trunk
midgut - superior mesenteric artery
hindgut - inferior mesenteric artery
They pass between the layers of dorsal mesentery
6
Q
primordium of the central tendon of the diaphragm
A
septum transversum
7
Q
Contents of the pleurocardial membranes
A
cardinal veins
8
Q
primordium of diaphragm crura
A
mesentery of the esophagus
9
Q
primordium of diaphragm
A
septum transversum (mesodermal), pleuroperitoneal membranes, dorsal mesentery of esophagus, muscular ingrowth from lateral body walls
10
Q
congenital diaphragmatic hernia
A
herniation of abdominal contents into the thoracic cavity, results from defective formation and/or fusion of the pleuroperitoneal membranes with the other three parts of the diaphragm, often left side, also known as foramen of bochdalek
11
Q
___ is the most common cause of pulmonary hypoplasia
A
congenital diaphragmatic hernia
12
Q
eventration of diaphragm
A
half the diaphragm has defective musculature and balloons into the thoracic cavity as an aponeurotic (membranous) sheet, forming a diaphragmatic pouch
Probably caused by failure of muscular tissue from the body wall to extend into the pleuroperitoneal membrane
13
Q
gastroschisis
A
congenital fissure in the anterior abdominal wall (usually with protrusion of viscera)
14
Q
foramen of Morgagni
A
sternocostal hiatus (opening for the superior epigastric vessels)
15
Q
Primordial gut forms from ___.
A
dorsal part of the umbilical vesicle or yolk sac
16
Q
ends of the primordial gut
A
cloacal membrane (caudally) and oropharyngeal membrane (cranial end)
17
Q
epithelium at cranial and caudal ends of epithelium is derived from ___.
A
ectoderm of the stomodeum and anal pit/proctodeum
18
Q
derivatives of foregut
A
primordial pharynx and its derivatives
lower respiratory system
esophagus and stomach
duodenum, proximal to the opening of the bile duct
The liver, biliary apparatus, (hepatic ducts, gall bladder, and bile duct) and pancreas
19
Q
primordium of muscles in esophagus
A
The striated muscle forming the muscularis externa of the superior third of the esophagus is derived from mesenchyme in the fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches.
The smooth muscle, mainly in the inferior third of the esophagus, develops from the surrounding splanchnic mesenchyme.
20
Q
esophageal atresia
A
blockage of the esophageal lumen
21
Q
recanalization of the esophagus occurs during the ___ week.
A
eighth
22
Q
the left vagus nerve innervates the ______ wall of the adult stomach and the right vagus nerve innervates the ___ wall. This is because the stomach rotates ninety degrees in a ____ direction when viewed from the cranial end.
A
anterior;
posterior;
clockwise
23
Q
The stomach is suspended from the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity by _____
A
the primordial dorsal mesogastrium (a dorsal mesentery)
24
Q
The primordial ventral mesogastrium attaches to the ____, and it also attaches the duodenum to the ____ and ____.
A
stomach;
liver and ventral abdominal wall
25
duodenal stenosis
Partial occlusion of the duodenal lumen
| usually results from incomplete recanalization of the duodenum resulting from defective vacuolization
26
Duodenal atresia
Complete occlusion of the duodenal lumen
The blockage occurs nearly always at the junction of the bile and pancreatic ducts (hepatopancreatic ampulla)
associated with bilious emesis
polyhydraminos also occurs
diagnosis of duodenal atresia is suggested by the presence of a “double-bubble” sign on plain radiographs or ultrasound scans
27
hepatic diverticulum forms ____
liver, gallbladder, and biliary duct system
28
primordium of gallbladder
hepatic diverticulum (caudal part)
29
primordium of liver
hepatic diverticulum (cranial part)
30
primordium of cystic duct
stalk of the hepatic diverticulum
31
hepatic cords form ____
hepatic sinusoids
32
primordium of hepatic sinusoids
hepatic cords
33
meconium is
intestinal contents
34
fate of ventral mesentery
lesser omentum, falciform ligament, visceral peritoneum of the liver
35
extrahepatic biliary atresia
caused by obliteration of the bile ducts at or superior to the porta hepatis—a deep transverse fissure on the visceral surface of the liver
could result from a failure of the remodeling process at the hepatic hilum or from infections or immunologic reactions during late fetal development
treatment is palliative
36
The uncinate process forms from the ____.
ventral pancreatic bud
37
The ventral pancreatic bud lies ____ to the dorsal pancreatic bud before fusing with it.
posterior
38
primordium of pancreatic duct
ventral pancreatic bud (and distal part of the duct of the dorsal pancreatic bud)
39
Primordium of accessory pancreatic duct
proximal part of the duct of the dorsal pancreatic bud
40
annular pancreas
pancreatic ring around the second part (descending part) of the duodenum that probably results from the growth of a bifid ventral pancreatic bud around the duodenum
41
derivatives of midgut
```
small intestine (duodenum - distal to the opening of the bile duct, ileum, jejenum)
cecum, appendix, ascending colon, and the right one half to two thirds of the transverse colon
```
42
primordium of the ceum and appendix
cecal swelling
43
Congenital omphalocele
persistence of the herniation of abdominal contents into the proximal part of the umbilical cord
omphalocele results from impaired growth of the mesodermal (muscle) and ectodermal (skin) components of the abdominal wall
44
Umbilical hernia
the intestines return to the abdominal cavity during the 10th week and then herniate again through an imperfectly closed umbilicus
The protruding mass (usually the greater omentum and part of the small intestine) is covered by subcutaneous tissue and skin
The defect through which the hernia occurs is in the linea alba.
45
Gastroschisis
results from a defect lateral to the median plane of the anterior abdominal wall
The linear defect permits extrusion of the abdominal viscera without involving the umbilical cord. The viscera protrude into the amniotic cavity and are bathed by amniotic fluid.
46
Subhepatic cecum and appendix may result in difficulty diagnosing ____.
appendicitis
47
Meckel diverticulum
A congenital ileal diverticulum
The wall of the diverticulum contains all layers of the ileum and may contain small patches of gastric and pan- creatic tissues.
remnant of proximal part of the omphaloenteric duct
48
omphaloenteric fistula
there is an external opening of the ileum at the umbilicus
49
derivatives of the hindgut:
left one third to one half of the transverse colon, the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, the rectum, and the superior part of the anal canal
the epithelium of the urinary bladder and most of the urethra
50
Anal canal primordium
superior two thirds of the adult anal canal are derived from hindgut
The inferior one third develops from the anal pit
51
The ____ separates the epithelium derived from ectoderm and endoderm. (In the anal region)
Pectinate line
52
The lymphatic drainage of the inferior part of the anal canal is to the ____.
superficial inguinal lymph nodes
53
The lymphatic drainage of the superior part of the anal canal is to the ____.
inferior mesenteric lymph nodes.
54
Congenital megacolon
absence of ganglion cells (aganglionosis) in a variable length of the distal bowel; lack autonomic ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus distal to the dilated segment of colon
aka Hirschsprung disease
results from failure of relaxation of the aganglionic segment, which prevents movement of the intestinal contents, resulting in dilation.
55
Anorectal agenesis
The rectum ends superior to the puborectalis muscle
56
rectal atresia
The anal canal and rectum are present, but separated
57
Sets of successive kidneys that develop in the embryos
pronephroi, mesonephroi, and metanephroi
58
Components of mesonephroi
glomeruli and meonephric tubules, which open into mesonephric ducts that were originally the pronephric ducts
59
progenitor of testis
indifferent gonad
60
derivative of indifferent gonad
ovary and testis
61
derivative of cortex
seminiferous tubules and ovarian follicles
62
derviative of medulla
rete testis and rete ovarii
63
derivative of gubernaculum
gubernaculum testis and ovarian ligament and round ligament of uterus
64
derivative of mesonephric tubules
efferent ductules of testis and paradidymis and epoophoron and paroophoron
65
derivative of mesonephric duct
duct of epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct and seminal glands, appendix vesiculosa, duct of epoophoron, longitudinal duct (Gartner duct)
66
derivative of stalk of ureteric bud
ureter, pelvis, calices, and collective tubules
67
derivative of paramesonephric duct
Appendix of testis, hydatid (of Morgagni), uterine tube, uterus
68
derivative of urogenital sinus
urinary bladder, urethra (except navicular fossa), prostatic utricle, prostate, bulbourethral glands, and vagina, urethreal and paraurethral glands, and greater vestibular glands
69
derivative of sinus tubercle
seminal colliculus and hymen
70
derivative of primordial phallus
penis, glans penis, corpora cavernosa of penis, corpus spongiosum of penis and clitoris, glans clitoris, corpora cavernosa of clitoris, and bulb of vestibule
71
derivative of urogenital folds
ventral aspect of penis and labia minora
72
derivative of labioscrotal swellings
scrotum and labia majora
73
The kidneys develop from these sources:
ureteric bud (metanephric diverticulum) and metanephrogenic blastema (metanephric mass of mesenchyme)
74
derivation of metanephrogenic blastema
caudal part of the nephrogenic cord
75
ureter progenitor
stalk of the ureteric bud
76
True or false: Nephron formation continues after birth.
False
77
The increase in kidney size after birth results mainly from ____.
elongation of the proximal convoluted tubules as well as an increase of interstitial tissue
78
hydronephrosis
distention of the renal pelvis and calices with urine
79
failure of kidney to develop
renal agenesis. Unilateral if only one, usually occurs with left kidney
bilateral renal agenesis associated with oligohydraminos (little or no urine excreted into amniotic cavity)
80
Potter syndrome is associated with ___.
bilateral renal agenesis, also with palpebronasal folds (epicanthic folds), low set ears, broad and flat nose, and receding chin
81
renal agenesis
failure of kidney to develop
Unilateral if only one, usually occurs with left kidney
bilateral renal agenesis associated with oligohydraminos (little or no urine excreted into amniotic cavity)
associated with Potter's syndrome
Failure of ureteric buds to penetrate the metanephrogenic blastema or involution of polycystic kidneys
82
What prevents a horseshoe kidney from ascending?
the root of the inferior mesenteric artery
83
Turner syndrome is associated with ____.
Horseshoe kidneys
84
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
Both kidneys contain many small cysts which result in renal insufficiency
85
Multicystic dysplastic kidney disease
fewer cysts than PKD. (cysts in kidneys) Cystic structures are wide dilations of parts of the otherwise continuous nephrons (particularly the nephron loops of Henle)
86
Parts of the urogenital sinus
vesical part that forms most of the urinary bladder and is continuous with the allantois; pelvic part that becomes the urethra in the neck of the bladder, the prostatic part of the urethra in males and the entire urethra in females; and phallic part that grows toward the genital tubercle (primordium of the penis or clitoris)
87
Progenitor of urinary bladder
vesical part of the urogenital sinus; the entire epithelium of the bladder derived from endoderm of the vesical part of the urogenital sinus (ventral part of the cloaca) and the other layers of its wall develop from the adjacent splanchnic mesenchyme.
88
fate of the allantois
urachus
89
megalocystis
a pathologically large urinary bladder
90
progenitor of connective tissue and smooth muscle of the urethra
splanchnic mesenchyme
91
progenitor of cortex or suprarenal gland
mesenchyme
92
progenitor of medulla of suprarenal gland
neural crest cells
93
Adrenogenital syndrome
associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia;
enzymatic deficiencies of cortisol biosynthesis
Excessive androgen production during the fetal period causes masculinization of the external genitalia in females
94
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
group of autosomal recessive disorders that result in virilization (formation of masculine characteristics) of female fetuses
increased release of adrenocorticotropin from the anterior pituitary gland
95
Source of gonads
Mesothelium (mesodermal epithelium) lining the posterior abdominal wall, underlying mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue) and primordial germ cells (earliest undifferentiated sex cells)
96
paradidymis
some mesonephric tubules may persist as a small body caudal to the efferent ductules
97
The cranial end of the mesonephric duct may persist as ___.
an appendix of the epididymis in males and an appendix vesiculosa in females
98
epoophoron
a blind tubule or duct that may persist in the mesovarium
99
paroophoron
rudimentary tubules that may persist closer to the uterus
100
Parts of the mesonephric duct that correspond to the ductus deferens in the male may persist as ____ in females between the layers of _____.
Gartner duct cysts;
| broad ligament and the wall of the vagina
101
The paramesonephric duct may persist as _____.
a vesicular appendix of the testis (the cranial end) in males
(The prostatic utricle also forms from the paramesonephric duct and the seminal colliculus is the adult derivative of the sinus tubercle)
a vesicular appendage called a hyatid of Morgagni in females
(the infundibulum of the uterine tube also forms from the paramesonephric duct)
102
Ovotesticular DSD
intersex condition; chromatin-positive nuclei
most persons have both testicular and ovarian tissue and an ovotestis (gonad in which both testicular and ovarian components are present)
103
46,XX DSD
chromatin-positive nuclei and 46,XX chromosome
exposure of female fetus to excessive androgens
virilization, clitoral hypertrophy
CAH one cause
104
46, XY DSD
chromatin-negative nuclei (no sex chromatin) (Sometimes the male genitalia fails to form correctly)
105
androgen insensitivity syndrome
testicular feminization syndrome, normal-apperaing females despite the presence of testes and a 46,XY chromosome constitution
106
Mixed gonadal dysgenesis
46,XY chromosomal complement with a testis on one side and an undifferentiated gonad on the other side. Internal genitalia female, but male derivatives of the mesonephric ducts are sometimes present
neither breast development nor menstruation occurs, virilization might (at puberty)
107
Types of hypospadias
glanular hypospadia - external urethral orifice on ventral side
penile hypospadia - external urethral orifice on the ventral surface of the body of the penis
penoscrotal hypospadia - urethral orifice at the junction of the penis and scrotum
perineal hypospadia - labioscrotal folds fail to fuse and urethral orifice is located between the unfused halves of the scrotum
108
chordee
penis curved ventrally
109
hypospadias result from inadequate production of ____.
androgens (or inadequate receptor sites for the hormones)
110
epispadias
urethra opens on the dorsal surface of the penis
111
diphallia
double penis
112
micropenis is commonly associated with ___.
hypopituitarism
113
anomalies of uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina that were in moore's (freebie card)
check those other decks
114
Turner syndrome
XO (one X) chromosome
115
Undescended testes
cryptorchidism
116
mesentery of the testis
mesorchium
117
derivatives of seminiferous cords
seminiferous tubules, tubuli recti, and rete testis
118
Rete testis forms from ___.
Seminiferous cords
119
The development of the dense tunica ____ is the characteristic feature of testicular development.
albuginea
120
fate of seminiferous cords
seminiferous tubules, tubuli recti and rete testis
121
True or false: No oogonia form postnatally.
True
122
fate of the uterovaginal primordium
uterus and superior part of vagina
123
Primordium of penis or clitoris
genital tubercle
124
The urethral folds do not fuse, except posteriorly, where they join to form the ____.
frenulum of the labia minora
125
The labioscrotal folds fuse posteriorly to form the ____ and anteriorly to form the ___ .
posterior labial commissure;
| Anterior labial commissure and mons pubis
126
The surface ectoderm fuses in the median plane of the penis, forming the ____.
penile raphe
127
A persistent processus in a female fetus is known as a
A canal of Nuck, or a vaginal process of peritoneum
