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Anatomy -Sarah > Blue boxes Lower Limb > Flashcards

Blue boxes Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

osteochondrosis

A

irritation and injury of the epiphyseal plates and developing bone

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2
Q

Avulsion fracture of hip bone

A

small part of bone (ASIS, anterior inferior iliac spine, ischial tuberosity, ischiopubic rami) is avulsed with a piece of a tendon or ligament

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3
Q

apophyses

A

bony projections that lack secondary ossification centers

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4
Q

Coxa vara

A

The angle of inclination between the long axis of the femoral neck and the femoral shaft is decreased

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5
Q

coxa valga

A

the angle of inclination between the long axis of the femoral neck and the femoral shaft is increased

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6
Q

The angle of inclination between the long axis of the femoral neck and the femoral shaft is decreased

A

coxa vera

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7
Q

What should always be considered in knee fractures or dislocations?

A

Compromised blood supply to the leg (integrity of popliteal artery)

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8
Q

Transverse march fractures

A

Stress fractures of the anterior cortex of the tibia

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9
Q

Inflammation of the tibial tuberosity and chronic recurring pain during adolescence

A

Osgood-Schlatter disease

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10
Q

Osgood-Schlatter disease

A

Inflammation of the tibial tuberosity and chronic recurring pain during adolescence, caused by disruption of the epiphysial plate

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11
Q

Site of intramedullary infusion

A

anterior tibia

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12
Q

Dancer’s fracture

A

fracture of metatarsals

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13
Q

Os trigonum

A

bone accessory ossicle that occurs when a partly or even fully ossified center fractures and progresses to non-union of the secondary ossification center and the primary ossification center (of the talus)

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14
Q

Loss of distal leg pulses is a sign of ____.

A

arterial compression (Compartment syndrome)

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15
Q

DVT

A

Deep vein thrombosis, characterized by swelling, erythema, and warmth.

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16
Q

Venous statis causes

A

Incompetent, loose fascia that fails to resist muscle expansion, diminishing the effectiveness of the musculovenous pump. External pressure on the veins from bedding during a prolonged hospital stay or from a tight cast or bandage. Muscular inactivity.

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17
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

inflammation around veins (in DVT especially)

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18
Q

Reasons the great saphenous vein is used for coronary arterial bypasses

A

Readily accessible
A sufficient distance occurs between the tributaries and the perforating veins so that usable lengths can be harvested,
Its wall contains a higher percentage of muscular and elastic fibers than do other superficial veins

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19
Q

chondromalacia patellae

A

runner’s knee, overstressing of the knee region that causes soreness and aching around or deep to the patella

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20
Q

True or false: Ossification abnormalities (of the patellar) are nearly always unilateral.

A

False (they are bilateral)

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21
Q

The patellar tendon reflex tests the integrity of what spinal levels?

A

L2-L4

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22
Q

saphenous varix

A

localized dilation of the terminal part of the great saphenous vein

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23
Q

How to locate femoral vein

A

medial to femoral artery, which is palpable just below the midline of the inguinal ligament

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24
Q

An accessory (or replaced) obturator artery arises from ___.

A

the inferior epigastric artery

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25
Q

gluteal gait

A

a compensatory list of the body to the weakened gluteal side (after injury to the superior gluteal nerve).

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26
Q

positive Trendelenburg test

A

when a patient stands on one leg and the pelvis is pointed downwards on the unsupported side; indicates injury to superior gluteal nerve, fracture of the greater trochanter, and/or dislocation of the hip joint

Could also indicate congenital dislocation of the hip joint

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27
Q

Gaits associated with injured superior gluteal nerve

A

gluteal gait (list of body to the weakened side (raises hip on injured side to allow leg/foot to clear ground), steppage gait (lift the foot higher as it is brought forward),swing-out gait (swing the foot outward laterally)

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28
Q

Where should gluteal IM be administered?

A

In the superolateral quadrant of the buttocks

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29
Q

IM injectsion can also be given safely into the anterolateral part of the thigh, where the needle enters the _____.

A

Tensor fasciae latae

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30
Q

Weakening or loss of the popliteal pulse is a sign of ___.

A

femoral artery obstruction

31
Q

arteriovenous fistula

A

communication between an artery and a vein

32
Q

What is the source of pain in shin splints?

A

Repetitive microtrauma of the tibialis anterior, which causes small tears in the periosteum covering the shaft of the tibia and/or of fleshy attachments to the overlying deep fascia of the leg.

33
Q

Features unique to the human foot

A

development of a fibularis tertius that is attached to the base of the 5th metatarsal and the medial migration of the distal attachment of the fibularis longus across the sole of the foot

34
Q

Never most often injured in the lower limb

A

common fibular, because it winds subcutaneously around the fibular neck

35
Q

Gaits associated with common fibular nerve injury

A 
waddling gait (individual leans to the side opposite the long limb), wsing-out gait, steppage gait
(Compensating for foot drop)
36
Q

sesamoid bone in the gastrocnemius

A

fabella

37
Q

fabella

A

sesamoid bone of the gastrocnemius

38
Q

Calcaneal tendon reflex tests ___.

A

S1 and S2 nerve roots

plantarflexion occurs in this reflex

39
Q

tennis leg

A

Gastrocnemius strain resulting from partial tearing of the medial belly of the gastrocnemius at or near its musculotendinous junction

40
Q

Where can the posterior tibial pulse be felt?

A

Between the posterior surface of the medial malleolus and the medial border of the calcaneal tendon
The artery passes deep to the flexor retinaculum, so it is important when palpating this pulse to have the person invert the foot to relax the retinaculum

41
Q

intermittent claudication

A

leg pain and cramps that develops during walking and disappears after rest and results from ischemia of the leg muscles caused by narrowing or occlusion of the leg arteries

42
Q

Plantar reflex

A

tests nerve roots L4-S2
Flexion of toes normal response
Slight fanning of the lateral four toes and dorsiflexion of the great toe is an abnormal response (Babinski sign) - indicated brain injury or cerebral disease (normal for children under 4 though)

43
Q

Medial nerve compression is caused by ___.

A

Repetitive eversion of the foot

44
Q

Where does the dorsal pedis artery travel?

A

is is subcutaneous and passes along a line from the extensor retinaculum to a point just lateral to the extensor hallucis longus tendon.

45
Q

A diminished or absent dorsalis pedis pulse suggests ____.

A

vascular insufficiency resulting from arterial disease.

46
Q

The signs of acute arterial occlusion

A

The five p signs - pain, pallor, parasthesia, paralysis, and pulselessness

47
Q

inguinal lymphadenopathy without popliteal lymphadenopathy may suggest ____.

A

Infection of the medial side of the foot, leg, or thigh
(or infection/tumor in vulva, penis, scrotum, perineum, and gluteal region, terminal parts of the urethra, anal canal, and vagina)

48
Q

Angle of Wiberg

A

degree to which the ilium overlies the femoral head

49
Q

Inability to abduct the thigh is characteristic of ____.

A

congenital dislocation of the hip joint

50
Q

Q-angle

A

Angle between the tibia and the femur; assessed by drawing a line form the ASIS to the middle of the patella and extrapolating a second vertical line passing through the middle of the patella and tibial tuberosity

51
Q

genu varum

A

bowleg, a medial angulation of the leg in relation to the thigh (femur abnormally vertical and Q-angle small)

52
Q

Bowleg and medial angulation of the leg in relation to the thigh is called ___.

A

genu varum

53
Q

genu valgum

A

lateral angulation of the leg in relation to the thigh (large Q-angle, greater than 17 degrees)

54
Q

Large Q-angle

A

genu valgum

55
Q

The patella nearly always dislocates ____ (direction).

A

laterally

56
Q

patellofemoral syndrome

A

abnormal tracking of the patella relative to the patellar surface of the femur

57
Q

The ____ are tightly stretched when the leg is extended, normally preventing disruption of the sides of the knee joint.

A

tibial and fibular collateral ligaments

58
Q

Sign of ACL rupture

A

(Anterior cruciate ligament)

the free tibia slides anteriorly under the fixed femur, known as the anterior drawer sign. It is tested clinically via the lachman test

59
Q

Sign of PCL rupture

A

(Posterior cruciate ligament)

The free tibia slides posteriorly under the fixed femur, known as the posterior drawer sign

60
Q

deep infrapatellar bursitis

A

occurs between the patellar ligament and the tibia, superior to the tibial tuberosity

61
Q

A sprained ankle is nearly always an _____.

A

inversion injury

62
Q

Ligament most commonly torn during ankle sprains

A

anterior talofibular ligament

63
Q

inury that occurs when the foot is forcibly everted

A

Pott fracture-dislocation of the ankle (medial ligament tears off the medial malleolus, then talus moves laterally and shears off lateral malleolus or breaks fibula; distal end of posterior tibia may also be sheared off by talus).

64
Q

tarsal tunnel syndrome

A

entrapment and compression of the tibial nerve as it passes deep to the flexor retinaculum in the interval between the medial malleolus and the calcaneus

65
Q

hallux valgus

A

lateral deviation of the great toe

66
Q

bunion

A

subcutaneous bursa that forms when the first metarsal has shifted medially (rubs against shoe)

67
Q

Hammer toe

A

foot deformity in which the proximal phalanx is permanently and markedly dorsiflexed and the middle phalanx strongly plantarflexed at the proximal interphalangeal joint.

68
Q

Claw toes

A

characterized by hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joints and flexion of the distal interpahalangeal joints

69
Q

Pes Planus

A

Flatfeet

70
Q

Acquired flat feet are likely to be secondary to ____.

A

dysfunction of the tibialis posterior

71
Q

Clubfoot

A

Talipes equinovarus
foot that is twisted out of position
All are congenital

72
Q

Talipes equinovarus

A

involves subtalar joint, the foot is inverted, the ankle is plantarflexed, and the forefoot is adducted

73
Q

clubfoot that involves subtalar joint

A

talipes equinovarus

Anatomy -Sarah (12 decks)

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