Some Advanced Grammar Flashcards

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1
Q

(just) in case,
in case you were wondering,
in case you get hungry

A

au case où,
au case où tu te poserais la question,
au cas où tu aurais faim

A clause with « au case où » always takes the subjunctive.

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2
Q

until the end,

until he does it,

until he has done it

A

jusqu’à la fin,

jusqu’à ce qu’il le fasse,

jusqu’à ce qu’il l’ait fait

Note: « jusqu’à ce que » always takes the subjunctive.

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3
Q

fearing he’ll come too late

afraid we’d take them

worried he’d forgotten our date

worrying that the food will be cold

A

de peur qu’il ne vienne trop tard

de peur qu’on ne les prenne

de peur qu’il n’ait oublié notre rendez-vous

de peur que le repas ne soit froid

Note: Crainte can replace peur.

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4
Q

These Conjunctive Phrases Take the Subjunctive

A

à condition que > provided that
à moins que > unless
à supposer que > assuming that
afin que > so that
avant que > before
bien que > although
de crainte que > for fear that
de façon que > so that, in order that, in such a way that
de manière que > so that
de peur que > for fear that
de sorte que > so that
en admettant que > assuming that
en attendant que > while, until
encore que > even though
jusqu’à ce que > until
pour que > so that
pourvu que > provided that
quoique > even though
quoi que > whatever, no matter what
sans que > without

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5
Q

Review of « le ne explétif »

A

The ne explétif is used in French subordinate clauses after certain expressions that convey a negative or somewhat negative idea, like fear, doubt, prevention, or inequality. Here are some examples:

EXPRESSING FEAR

  • J’ai peur qu’il ne vous voie. (I’m afraid he’ll see you.)
  • Prenez garde qu’il ne vous aperçoive. (Be careful that he doesn’t catch sight of you.)
  • De peur qu’il ne vous remarque. (For fear that he might notice you.)

With verbs of fear like avoir peur, prendre garde, the ne explétif is conventionally used after que to introduce the subjunctive clause.

EXPRESSING DOUBT

  • Je doute qu’il puisse réussir. (I doubt he can succeed.)
  • On ne peut nier qu’il ne soit capable. (One cannot deny that he is capable.)
  • Personne ne conteste qu’il ne soit compétent. (No one contests that he is competent.)

For verbs of doubt like douter, nier, contester, the ne explétif follows que when the main verb is negated or interrogative, but not affirmative.

AVOIDING/PREVENTING

  • Évitez qu’il ne vous dérange. (Avoid him bothering you.)
  • On empêcha qu’il n’entrât dans la pièce. (We prevented him from entering the room.)
  • Faites en sorte qu’il ne vous interrompe pas. (Make sure he doesn’t interrupt you.)

With verbs of avoiding/preventing like éviter, empêcher, the ne explétif is standard after the que clause introducing the subjunctive, though some argue it can be optional.

EXPRESSING DIFFERENCE/INEQUALITY

  • Je suis moins âgé que lui ne l’est. (I am younger than he is.)
  • Mon salaire est inférieur à ce qu’il ne gagne. (My salary is lower than what he earns.)
  • Mes résultats sont meilleurs que les siens ne le sont. (My results are better than his are.)

CONDITIONAL/EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES

  • Je resterai à moins qu’il ne parte. (I’ll stay unless he leaves.)
  • Attendez avant qu’il ne revienne. (Wait before he comes back.)
  • Ils n’ont rien fait sans qu’il ne leur dise. (They did nothing without him telling them.)

With conjunctions like à moins que and avant que, the ne explétif is expected by convention.

With sans que, standard formal written French only allows ne explétif when the main verb involves negations, and even then it is optional.

The ne explétif draws attention to the subjunctive verb, highlighting the negative context. Using it appropriately in formal writing requires adhering to these nuanced rules.

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6
Q

When do you use the subjunctive?

A

The French subjunctive is used to express subjectivity, uncertainty, desires, emotions, and hypothetical situations. It is commonly required after certain conjunctions, impersonal expressions, and verbs that convey influence, opinion, necessity, or doubt. Here are the main cases where the subjunctive is used, grouped by type of expression:

VERBS EXPRESSING DESIRES, EMOTIONS, OR OPINIONS
- Vouloir que (to want that): Je veux qu’il vienne.
- Souhaiter que (to wish that): Je souhaite qu’il réussisse.
- Préférer que (to prefer that): Je préfère que tu restes.
- Aimer que (to like that): J’aime qu’il soit poli.
- Détester que (to hate that): Je déteste qu’elle mente.
- Craindre que (to fear that): Je crains qu’il ne vienne pas.
- Regretter que (to regret that): Je regrette qu’il soit parti.

IMPERSONAL EXPRESSIONS OF NECESSITY, POSSIBILITY, OR JUDGEMENT
- Il faut que (it is necessary that): Il faut que tu fasses tes devoirs.
- Il est important/essentiel que (it is important/essential that): Il est important qu’il étudie.
- Il est préférable/mieux que (it is preferable/better that): Il est préférable qu’elle reste.

CONJUNCTIONS EXPRESSING PURPOSE, CONDITION, OR CONCESSION
- Pour que (so that, in order that): Je travaille pour qu’il ait une belle vie.
- Avant que (before): Finis tes devoirs avant qu’il ne rentre.
- Bien que (although): Bien qu’il soit riche, il est malheureux.
- À moins que (unless): À moins qu’il ne pleuve, nous irons.

The subjunctive is an essential part of French grammar for conveying nuanced meanings related to desires, doubts, possibilities, and hypothetical situations. Mastering its use is crucial for achieving fluency and expressing oneself precisely in the French language.

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7
Q

Cliff Notes

Prepositions Before Infinitives

A

In French, when a verb follows a preposition, the verb is normally in its infinitive form. The following sections show verbs requiring à, de, other prepositions, and à + quelqu’un + de, respectively. The final two sections discuss nouns and adjectives that are followed by de before an infinitive and verbs that require no preposition before the infinitive.

The following verbs are followed by the preposition à + infinitive: listed verb + à + some infnitive.

aider (help) (e.g. aider à faire)

s’amuser (have fun)

apprendre (learn to)

commencer (begin)

consister (consist)

continuer (continue)

se décider (decide)

encourager (encourage)

enseigner (teach to)

s’habituer (get used to)

se mettre (begin)

persister (persist)

renoncer (renounce)

réussir (succeed)

servir (to be used for … doing)

songer (think about)

These verbs are used as follows:

Il commence à comprendre. (He is beginning to understand.)

Je réussis à le faire. (I succeed in doing it.)

Verbs requiring de

The following verbs are followed by the preposition de:

s’arrêter (stop)

décider (decide)

se dépêcher (hurry)

empêcher (prevent)

essayer (try to)

mériter (deserve)

s’occuper (take care of)

oublier (forget to)

parler (speak about)

persuader (persuade)

promettre (promise)

refuser (refuse)

regretter (regret)

rêver (dream)

se souvenir (remember)

venir (have just)

The preceding verbs are used as follows:

Je m’occuperai de cela. (I’ll take care of that.)

Il vient de voir Jean, mais il vient voir Jean. (He’s just seen John, but he wants (or came) to see Jane.)

Verbs requiring other prepositions

The following prepositions are commonly used before the infinitive of a verb:

afin de (in order to)

au lieu de (instead of)

avant de (before)

pour (for, in order to)

sans (without)

Note how these prepositions are used in sentences:

Il fait de son mieux afin de réussir. (He does his best in order to succeed.)

Il dort au lieu de travailler. (He sleeps instead of working.)

Verbs requiring à quelqu’un de

The following verbs require à quelqu’un de before an infinitive:

commander (order)

conseiller (advise)

défendre (forbid)

demander (ask)

dire (tell)

interdire (forbid)

ordonner (order)

permettre (permit)

promettre (promise)

Note how the preceding verbs are used:

M. Aube défend à son enfant de sortir. (Mr. Aube forbids his child to leave.)

Je lui ai demandé de me téléphoner. (I asked him to call me.)

Nouns and adjectives followed by de before an infinitive

Many nouns and adjectives are followed by de before an infinitive:

C’est une bonne idée de vous préparer. (It’s a good idea to prepare yourself.)

Je suis heureuse de le faire. (I’m happy to do it.)

Verbs requiring no preposition

The following verbs do not require a preposition before an infinitive that follows:

aimer (like)

aimer mieux (prefer)

aller (go)

compter (intend)

désirer (desire, want)

détester (hate)

devoir (have to)

espérer (hope)

falloir (be necessary)

pouvoir (be able)

préférer (prefer)

savoir (know how)

venir (come)

vouloir (want)

The preceding verbs are used as follows. Note that an adverb may separate the conjugated verb from the infinitive that follows it.

Il sait bien cuisiner. (He know hows to cook well.)

Je compte revenir. (I intend to return.)

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8
Q

Verbs that can be followed by both “à” and “de”.

A

Autoriser à [quelqu’un] de [faire] quelque chose
To authorize [someone] to [do] something

Demander à [quelqu’un] de [faire] quelque chose
To ask [someone] to [do] something

Encourager à [quelqu’un] de [faire] quelque chose
To encourage [someone] to [do] something

Obliger à [quelqu’un] de [faire] quelque chose
To oblige [someone] to [do] something

Pardonner à [quelqu’un] d’[avoir fait] quelque chose
To forgive [someone] for [having done] something

Parler à [quelqu’un] de [faire] quelque chose
To speak to [someone] about [doing] something

Permettre à [quelqu’un] de [faire] quelque chose
To allow [someone] to [do] something

Promettre à [quelqu’un] de [faire] quelque chose
To promise [someone] to [do] something

Recommander à [quelqu’un] de [faire] quelque chose
To recommend that [someone do] something

Refuser à [quelqu’un] de [faire] quelque chose
To refuse to [do] something for [someone]

Suggérer à [quelqu’un] de [faire] quelque chose
To suggest to [someone] to [do] something

Souhaiter à [quelqu’un] de [faire] quelque chose
To wish for [someone] to [do] something

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