Somatosensory System Flashcards

1
Q

Neostriatum

A

Largest part of basal ganglia

= caudate nucleus + n. accumbens + putamen

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2
Q

Amygdala connections

A

Hippocampal formation, dorsomedial thalamus, medial prefrontal cortex
input: nociceptive pathways

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3
Q

Axial section through the internal capsule is

A

a very important site of strokes

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4
Q

How are sensory axons in peripheral nerves classified?

A

according to their diameter and conduction speed

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5
Q

Characteristics of sensory axons in skin

A

Aβ-15μm, 70m/sec
• Aδ-3μm, 20m/sec
• C-unmyelinated

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6
Q

Characteristics of sensory axons in muscle + tendon

A

I- up to 20μm,100m/sec
• II- < 10μm, 50 m/sec
• IV- unmyelinated, 1μm, 1m/sec

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7
Q

c-fibres

A

Nociceptive unmyelinated primary afferents

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8
Q

Sensory receptors are classified as

A

Rapidly Adapting or Slowly Adapting. RA receptors signal

stimulus changes; SA receptors signal prolonged stimulus contact.

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9
Q

Name 4 cutaneous receptors

A
  1. Meissner’s corpuscles (RA) important for two point
    discrimination- concentrated in skin of fingers and around
    mouth etc.
  2. Merkel’s discs (SA) also important for discriminative touch
  3. Ruffini endings (SA) Skin stretch
  4. Pacinian corpuscles (RA)- vibration
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10
Q

Cutaneous receptors are all innervated by

A

Aβ fibres

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11
Q

Muscle stretch is detected by

A

Muscle spindles - Ia afferents -> also receive type II (Ab afferents)

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12
Q

Tension is detected by

A

Golgi tendon organs 1b afferents

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13
Q

Pain and temperature is detected by

A

c fibres plus A gamma

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14
Q

The central axons of primary afferents _____ on entering the cord and innervate several ______

A

bifurcate, segments

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15
Q

C-fibres run up and down…

A

Lissauer’s tract

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16
Q

myelinated afferents run up and down in the _______

A

Dorsal columns

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17
Q

DRG contains

A

cell bodies of sensory neurones

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18
Q

C-fibres end in _____..
A Delta fibres end in _____
Ia afferents end in_______
Aβ afferents end in….

A

laminae II, laminae I and V, laminae IX

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19
Q

Clarke’s column

A

thoracic nucleus

20
Q

C-fibres mainly end in _____ but _____ is mainly populated
by interneurons- ______ neurons are not found in
_____

A

lamina II, spinothalamic tract, lamina II

21
Q

Major nociceptive pathway in experimental animals

A

the spino-parabrachial pathway

22
Q

Chronic pain is ______- not physiological. It involves changes in the _______ and
_______ (as well as the neurons) of the spinal cord

A

pathological, microglia, astrocytes

23
Q

The modality of the stimulus is denoted by

A

the axons that are activated

24
Q

altered-allodynia occurs when

A

mechanoceptive fibres activate

nociceptive pathways in the spinal cord

25
Q

Periaqueductal grey function

A

Sends axons to the nucleus raphe magnus in the medulla and the locus ceruleus.

26
Q

Stimulation of PAG

A

extremely powerful analgesic effect throughout

the body

27
Q

Raphe nuclei function

A

These send serotonergic (5HT) fibres all over the CNS. Receives input from PAG and modulates nociceptive transmission in dorsal horn of spinal cord

28
Q

Nucleus raphe Magnus

A

Raphe-spinal axons project down to superficial dorsal horn of spinal cord - they can turn the gain on the nociceptive pathways up or down

29
Q

Locus ceruleus

A

Largest noradrenergic nucleus -> descending noradrenergic fibres -> analgesic effect

30
Q

Syringomyelia

A

Destruction of crossing fibres leads to loss of pain and temperature over affected segments, which are usually cervical. Sensation from below the lesion is unaffected

31
Q

A syrinx

A

fluid-filled cavity

32
Q

Ventrolateral cordotomy

A

Performed to relieve pain in right leg -> disrupts left spinothalamic tract

33
Q

Which cranial nerves are different?

A
  1. II -> optic nerve = cns tissue

2. I -> olfactory have cell bodies in mucus membrane and different glial cells

34
Q

Cranial nerves containing somatosensory fibres

A
  1. V - Trigeminal -> face, cornea, nasal cavity, mouth
  2. IX - Glossopharyngeal -> back of tongue
  3. X - Vagus -> somatic afferents to ear, larynx
35
Q

The main somatosensory cranial nerve is ______. It has 3 branches:

A

V trigeminal

  1. Opthalmic
  2. Maxillary
  3. Mandibular
36
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia

A

a neuropathic pain that feels as if it is coming from part of the territory supplied by the trigeminal nerve

37
Q

Which relationship can give rise to trigeminal neuralgia?

A

Superior cerebellar artery near trigeminal roots

38
Q

Post herpetic neuralgia follows

A

Shingles

39
Q

The large primary afferent in the _____ ___ has function of _____ with cell body in _____ _____

A

Upper pons, discriminative touch, trigeminal ganglion

40
Q

Trigeminal nuclei extend through …..

A

most of the brainstem

41
Q

Trigeminal sensory nuclei extends from x to y

A

X - midbrain

Y- spinal cord

42
Q

Effects of a Posterior Inferior Cerebellar

Artery (PICA) lesion

A

PICA supplies dorsolateral medulla

so…

43
Q

Visceral afferent fibres carry

A

taste or other information from the viscera including the carotid sinus and body. They all end in the nucleus of the solitary tract

44
Q

Vestibular and cochlear fibres end in X and Y

A

end in the vestibular and cochlear nuclei

45
Q

Nucleus of the solitary tract receive _____. It’s important for ____

A
visceral afferent (taste and general visceral afferent) information. It is an important centre for autonomic control and parts of it form the dorsal inspiratory
respiratory centre.