Solutions and Solubility Flashcards
Solution
A homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances (uniform throughout)
Solvent
Any Substance that has another substance dissolved in it (usually the larges amount)
Solute
A substance dissolved in the solvent.
Solutions
Unlike pure substances, can have variable compositions, therefore different ratios of solvent to solute.
Aqueous Solution
Water is the solvent
Miscible Liquids
Can be combined in any proportion and are readily dissolvable
Immiscible Liquids
Liquids that do not readily dissolve
Saturated Solutions
Formed when no more solute will dissolve and excess solute is present
Unsaturated Solutions
Solutions that are not yet saturated, more solute can dissolve.
Solubility
The maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of a solvent at a given temperature.
Rate of Dissolving
The speed at which the solute dissolves into a solvent.
Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolving
- Heating (increases the kinetic energy of the solute: higher temperature= faster dissolving)
- Agitation/Stirring (Allows the unsaturated portions of the solution to come in contact with the solute: disturbs equilibrium process)
Factors Affecting Solubility
- Temperature (solubility mostly increases with heat)
- Pressure (Increasing pressure increases solubility in gases and liquids but is not possible for solids)
- Molecule Size (Smaller molecules are more soluble than larger ones)
- Polarity (Polar solutes dissolve better in polar solvents and non-polar solutes in non-polar solvents)
Concentration of a mass: volume %/ percent (m/v)
A ratio of the mass of a solute to the volume of a solution, expressed as a percentage
Concentration of a mass/ mass percent or percent (m/m)
A ratio of the mass of solute to the mass of a solution, expressed as a percentage.
Concentration as a volume/ volume percent or percent (v/v)
A ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution, expressed as a percentage.
Concentration of a parts per million (ppm)
Parts per million as a ratio of solute ton solution (x10^6)
Concentration of a parts per billion (ppb)
Parts per billion as a ratio of solute to solution (x10^9)
Molarity (Molar Concentration)
A 1 mole solution contains 1 mole of solute per 1L of solution.
Dilution
Solutions purchased or prepared routinely by laboratories are in concentrated form (stock solution). Solutions of lower concentrations can then be prepared by adding water (dilution).
Precipitation Reaction
Reactions that result in the formation of an insoluble solid
Precipitate
An insoluble solid formed by a reaction in solution
Arrhenius’ Theory
An acid is a substance that produces H+ ions when dissolved in water, while a base is a substance that produces OH- ions when dissolved in water.
Bronsted-Lowry Theory
An acid is a substance which a proton (H+ ion) can be removed. A base is a substance that can remove a proton from and acid.
Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
Eery base has a corresponding acid and every base has a corresponding base.
Ionization
The process of forming an ion
Dissociation
The process in which ions break apart when dissolved in solution.
Concentrated Acid/Base
Contains many acid molecules dissolved in water
Dilute Acid/ Base
Only contains a few acid molecules dissolved in water.
Strength Results of Acids and Bases
Strong acids and bases dissociate almost completely whereas weak acids and bases dissociate slightly.
Titration
A process that is used to determine the concentration of a solution by reacting a known volume of that solution with a measured volume of a solution that has a known concentration.
