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DOSAGE FORMS LAB > SOLUTIONS > Flashcards

SOLUTIONS Flashcards

1
Q
  • syrup
  • honey
  • mucilage
  • jellies
A

SWEET / VISCID

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2
Q
  • water
  • aromatic water
  • aqueous acids
  • diluted acids
  • solution
  • douche
  • enemas
  • gargle
  • mouthwash
  • juices
  • nasal solutions
  • otic solution
A

AQUEOUS

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3
Q
  • collodion
  • elixir
  • glycerin/glycerites
  • inhalations and inhalants
  • liniment
  • oleovitamins
  • spirit
  • toothache drops
A

NON-AQUEOUS

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4
Q
  • are chemically and physically homogenous mixtures of two or more substances
  • Liquid preparations containing one or more chemical substance dissolved in a suitable solvent
  • Solute - smaller quantity
  • Solvent - larger quantity
A

SOLUTIONS

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5
Q

SOLUTIONS

larger quantity

A

solvent

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6
Q

SOLUTIONS

smaller quantity

A

solute

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7
Q

Advantages of Solutions

drug is immediately available for ____

skips disintegration & dissolution

A

absorption

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8
Q

Advantages of Solutions

____ dosing is possible

adjustable volume according to patient

A

flexible

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9
Q

Advantages of Solutions

they may be designed for any ____

A

route of administration

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10
Q

Advantages of Solutions

facilitates ____ in difficult cases

A

swallowing

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11
Q

Disadvantages of Solutions

drug ____ is reduced often by solvolysis, hydrolysis or oxidation

A

stability

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12
Q

Disadvantages of Solutions

difficult to ____

A

mask unpleasant tastes

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13
Q

Disadvantages of Solutions

____, prone to container ____

A

bulky, breakages

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14
Q

Disadvantages of Solutions

____ to measure dose on administration

A

technical accuracy

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15
Q

Methods of preparing solutions

A

simple solution
solution by chemical reaction
solution by extraction

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16
Q
  • is prepared by dissolving the solute in most of the solvent, mixing until dissolved, then adding sufficient volume to bring the solution up to proper volume
  • Ex Calcium hydroxide solution
A

SIMPLE SOLUTION

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17
Q

Calcium hydroxide solution synonym

A

LIME WATER

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18
Q
  • antacid
  • treats acid burns
  • clear saturated solution of Ca(OH)₂
A

Calcium hydroxide solution
lime water

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19
Q
  • is prepared by reacting two or more solutes with each other in a suitable solvent
  • Ex Aluminum subacetate solution, Magnesium citrate solution
A

SOLUTION BY CHEMICAL REACTION

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20
Q
  • topical antiseptic
  • wet dressing
A

ALUMINUM SUBACETATE

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21
Q
  • laxative
  • cathartic
A

Magensium citrate solution

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22
Q
  • is prepared by extracting the drug with water or with water-containing other substances
  • often classified as extractives
  • Ex: Liver solution of NFXI
A

SOLUTION BY EXTRACTION

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23
Q

STRONG IODINE SOLUTION

synonyms

A

Lugol’s solution
Compound iodine solution
Aqueous solution of iodine
Ptassium triiodide solution

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24
Q

STRONG IODINE SOLUTION

Latin name/s

A

Liquor iodi fortis
Solutio iodi aquosa

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25
Q

STRONG IODINE SOLUTION

Use/s

A

treatment of overactive thyroid condition
antiseptic

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26
Q

STRONG IODINE SOLUTION

method of preparation

A

simple solution

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27
Q

STRONG IODINE SOLUTION

iodine

A

active ingredient

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28
Q

STRONG IODINE SOLUTION

potassium iodide

A

solubilizing agent

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29
Q

iodine + potassium iodide

A

potassium triiodide

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30
Q

STRONG IODINE SOLUTION

iodine is ____ in water, with one gram dissolving in 2950mL

A

slightly soluble

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31
Q

STRONG IODINE SOLUTION

purified water

A

vehicle

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32
Q

Easily stains surface and clothes

A

iodine crystals

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33
Q

drops for iodine deficiency

A

2 - 6 drops
(0.1 - 0.3 mL)

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34
Q

STRONG IODINE SOLUTION

auxillary label

A

for external use only

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35
Q

70% ethyl alcohol

synonyms

A

70% ethanol
rubbing alcohol

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36
Q

70% ethyl alcohol

Latin name

A

spiritus vini rectificatus

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37
Q

70% ethyl alcohol

USE/S:
externally

A

rubefacient

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38
Q

70% ethyl alcohol

USE/S:
for bedridden patients

A

soothing rub

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39
Q

70% ethyl alcohol

USE/S:
for instruments

A

germicide

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40
Q

70% ethyl alcohol

USE/S:
prior to injection

A

skin cleanser and antiseptic

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41
Q

70% ethyl alcohol

USE/S:
for topical preparations

A

vehicle

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42
Q

70% ethyl alcohol

method of preparation

A

simple solution

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43
Q

70% ethyl alcohol

95% Ethanol (alcohol USP)

A

active ingredient

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44
Q

70% ethyl alcohol

purified water

A

solvent

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45
Q

70% ethyl alcohol

sotrage condition

A

tight container
remote from fire

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46
Q

70% ethyl alcohol

auxillary label

A

for external use only

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47
Q

70% ethyl alcohol

description

A

volatile & flammable

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48
Q

CONCENTRATION

dehydrated alcohol
(absolute alcohol)

A

99.5%

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49
Q

CONCENTRATION

diluted alcohol

A

49%

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50
Q

CONCENTRATION

Rubbing alcohol
70% ethyl alcohol

A

70%

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51
Q
  • Water free alcohol
  • Used for injection
  • Severe and chronic pain-nerve pain
  • Treatment of methanol poisoning
A

Dehydrated alcohol
(aboslute alcohol)

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52
Q
  • Equal volume of alcohol and water
  • Hydroalcoholic solvent in different pharmaceutical process and preparation
A

Diluted alcohol

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53
Q
  • Soothing rub for bed ridden patient
  • Germicidal for instruments
  • Skin cleanser prior to injection
A

Rubbing alcohol
70% ethyl alcohol

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54
Q

Alcohol Dilution Computation

FORMULA

A

C1V1=C2V2

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55
Q

Colorless to slightly yellow clear, effervescent liquid having a sweet acidulous taste and a lemon flavor

A

MAGNESIUM CITRATE SOLUTION

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56
Q

Magnesium Citrate solution

synonym

A

citrate of magnesia

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57
Q

Magnesium Citrate solution

latin name

A

liquor magnesii citratis

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58
Q

Magnesium Citrate solution

Use/s

A

saline cathartic

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59
Q

Magnesium Citrate solution

Magnesium carbonate

A

active ingredient

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60
Q

Magnesium Citrate solution

citric acid

A

acidifying agent
improves stability

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61
Q

Magnesium Citrate solution

alternative for potassium bicarbonte

A

sodium bicarbonate

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62
Q

Magnesium Citrate solution

lemon oil

A

flavorant

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63
Q

Magnesium Citrate solution

potassium bicarbonate

A

alkalinizing agent
cabronating agent

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64
Q

Magnesium citrate functions best on an

A

empty stomach

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65
Q

Magnesium Citrate solution

talc

A

clarifying agent

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66
Q

Improvement of taste for Magnesium citrate

A

Chill ahead of time
drink at least 2 to 3 eight ounces of clear liquids

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67
Q

Magnesium Citrate solution

syrup

A

sweetening agent

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68
Q

Magnesium Citrate solution

purified water

A

solvent

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69
Q

Magnesium Citrate solution

method of preparation

A

solution by chemical reaction

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70
Q
  • required amount of magnesium citrate in 100mL solution
  • provides an excellent medium for the growth of molds
  • to remain stable
  • it should be heated to boiling prior to carbonation
A

1.55g-1.9g

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71
Q

Magnesium citrate works by attracting water through the tissues by a process known as

A

osmosis

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72
Q
  • “Medicated Water”
  • clear, saturated aqueous solutions of volatile oils or other aromatic or volatile substances.
A

AROMATIC WATERS

73
Q

Components of aromatic waters

A

Volatile/aromatic substances
Water
Talc

74
Q

AROMATIC WATERS

active

A

volatile/aromatic substances

75
Q

AROMATIC WATERS

clarifying / distributing agent

A

talc

76
Q
  • Their odors and tastes are the same as those of the drugs or volatile substances from which they are prepared
  • They should be free from empyreumatic [smoke-like] and other foreign odor
A

AROMATIC WATERS

77
Q

AROMATIC WATERS

vehicle/solvent

A

water

78
Q

METHODS OF PREPARATION

  • is the most frequently employed, easiest and fastest method
  • volatile oil is incorporated with talc and dissolves in water. Slurry mixture is agitated several times for 10 minutes then filter. . Add sufficient amount of purified water through the filter to make the product measure 1000 ml
  • Ex. Cinnamon Water
A

ALTERNATE METHOD / SOLUTION BY INTERVENTION

79
Q

METHODS OF PREPARATION

Example soluble Rose fluid

A

USE OF SOLUBLE CONCENTRATES

80
Q

INCOMPATIBILITIES

The aromatic substances may be ____ when the water is used as a vehicle for drugs which are electrolytes. The insoluble materials may collect on the top of the liquid, imparting a burning taste to the first dose.

A

SALTED OUT

81
Q

METHOD OF PREPARATION

The concentrated waters contain 20 ml of volatile oil per liter of solution and sufficient alcohol to produce ethanol content of 51 to 55% v/v. From this, aromatic water can be prepared by diluting the solution with 39 times its own volume of water. Aromatic waters prepared by these methods are slightly inferior than those made by the official processes.

A

Use of aqueous alcoholic solutions of volatile oil

82
Q

AROMATIC WATERS

USES

A

flavored vehicle
perfumed vehicle

83
Q

METHODS OF PREPARATION

  • Slowest & most expensive
  • Place the odoriferous substance (perfuming agents) in a suitable container in a sufficient amount of purified water as solvent
  • strong rose water
A

DISTILLATION

84
Q

METHODS OF PREPARATION

  • The volatile substance is agitated in purified water and set aside for 12 hours and filter (to permit excess oil and solid substances to settle
  • Ex. Camphor Water
A

DIRECT SOLUTION / SIMPLE SOLUTION

85
Q

METHODS OF PREPARATION

Example: Polysorbate 80 or Tween 20

A

incorporation of solubilizing agents

86
Q

Water prepared by the use of soluble concentrates & incorporation of solubilizing agents are susceptible to

A

mold growth

87
Q

water in concentrations higher than 2% impart an objectionable ____ taste

A

OIL

88
Q

prevention for salting out

A

replacing part of aromatic water with purified water

89
Q

Camphor Water

synonyms

A

gum laurel water
laurel camphor water

90
Q

Camphor Water

latin name

A

aqua camphorae

91
Q

Camphor Water

use/s:
internally

A

carminative

92
Q

Camphor Water

use/s:
eye lotion

A

antiseptic
anesthetic

93
Q

Camphor Water

carmphor

A

active ingredient

94
Q

Camphor Water

purified water

A

solvent

95
Q

Camphor Water

method of preparation

A

direct solution

96
Q

Camphor Water

storage condition

A

light resistant container
away from light & excessive ehat

97
Q

Camphor Water

auxillary label

A

protect from sunlight

98
Q

Are concentrated solutions of sugar in water

A

SYRUP

99
Q

____ solutions of sucrose provide an excellent nutrient for molds, yeasts and other microorganisms

A

DILUTE

100
Q

SYRUP

Concentrations of ____ by weight or more will retard the growth of microorganism

A

65%

101
Q

SYRUP

____ solution may lead to crystallization of a part of the sucrose under conditions of changing temperature.

A

SATURATED

102
Q

Sucrose can undergo ____ in aqueous solution

A

DEGRADATIVE REACTION

103
Q

Growth of organism (yeast and molds)

A

FERMENTATION

104
Q

Sugar (sucrose-dissacharide) is hydrolysed and it produces

A

MONOSACCHARIDES

105
Q

Due to excessive heating

A

HYDROLYSIS

106
Q

Invert sugar is ____ than sucrose

A

SWEETER

107
Q

Colorless syrup darkens due to

A

LEVULOSE

108
Q

Overheating may change the color to amber due to ____ of sucrose

A

CARAMELIZATION

109
Q
  • This method is a suitable preparation method, if the constituents are not volatile or not degraded by heat.
  • Purified water is heated to 80–85°C, and then removed from its heat source.
  • Weight desired amount of Sucrose is added with vigorous agitation.
  • Then, other required heat-stable components are added to the hot syrup, the mixture is allowed to cool, and its volume is adjusted to the proper level by the addition of purified water.
  • In instances in which heat-labile agents or volatile substances, such as flavors and alcohol, are added, they are incorporated into the syrup after cooling to room temperature.
  • Heat should be regulated because it will lead to caramelization or the formation of invert sugar
  • Example: Acacia Syrup NF, Cocoa syrup NF, Tolu Syrup IP
A

SOLUTION WITH THE AID OF HEAT

110
Q
  • This method is used for substances that degradation on heating or volatilize formulation constituents. i.e suitable for heat labile substances.
  • Sucrose & other ingredients are dissolved in purified water through agitation (without heat).
  • Example- Sulphate syrup
A

SOLUTION BY AGITATION WITHOUT HEAT

111
Q
  • This method is often used with fluidextracts or tinctures.
  • Fluid extract or tinctures are added to a syrup.
  • Addition of these may cause precipitation of alcohol soluble materials due to dilution.
  • Example- Aromatic eridictyon syrup NF
A

Addition of Sucrose to a Liquid Medication or Flavored Liquid

112
Q
  • Cold process
  • In the percolation method, either purified water or the medicinal component (dissolve in purified water) is passed slowly through a bed of crystalline sucrose, thus, dissolving it and forming a syrup.
  • Sucrose is placed in suitable percolator.
  • Purified water (with medicament) is allowed to slowly pass through sucrose
  • Percolate may return back in necessary final volume is adjusted by purified water
A

PERCOLATION

113
Q

SIMPLE SYRUP

Synonym

A

sucrose

114
Q

SIMPLE SYRUP

uses

A

sweetener
vehicle

115
Q

SIMPLE SYRUP

sucrose

A

active ingredient

116
Q

SIMPLE SYRUP

purified water

A

vehicle

117
Q

SIMPLE SYRUP

method of preparation

A

solution with the aid of heat

118
Q

synonym of mouthwash

A

collutorium

119
Q
  • are aqueous, pleasantly-flavored aqueous solution used for cleaning the oral cavity, freshening the breath, and treating mucous membranes of the mouth
  • Used for its deodorant, refreshing and antiseptic effects
A

MOUTHWASH

120
Q

MOUTHWASH

Freshen the breath

A

COSMETIC

121
Q

MOUTHWASH

  • Plaque and tartar control, tooth decay
  • gingivitis
A

THERAPEUTIC

122
Q

COMPONENTS OF MOUTHWASH

% of alcohol

A

10 - 20%

123
Q

COMPONENTS OF MOUTHWASH

% of humectant

A

5 - 20%

124
Q

COMPONENTS OF MOUTHWASH

% of surfactants

A

0.1 - 0.5%

125
Q

COMPONENTS OF MOUTHWASH

  • Enhances the flavor
  • Provides a certain sharpness to the taste
  • Aids in making the unpleasant taste of active ingredients
  • Solubilizing agent for flavorants
  • Preservative
A

alcohol 10-20%

126
Q

COMPONENTS OF MOUTHWASH

  • Increase the viscosity of the product,
  • Provide a certain body or mouth-feel to the product
  • Enhance the sweetness of the product
  • Preservative
  • Example: glycerin and sorbitol
A

humectant 5-20%

127
Q

COMPONENTS OF MOUTHWASH

  • to solubilize flavors and to provide a foaming action
  • polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene polymers
  • sodium lauryl sulphate
  • cetylpyridium chloride
A

surfactants 0.1 - 0.5%

128
Q

COMPONENTS OF MOUTHWASH

to overcome disagreeable taste
Examples: peppermint, spearmint, cinnamon, wintergreen oils, and menthol.

A

flavorants

129
Q

COMPONENTS OF MOUTHWASH

to enhance or to make the product pleasing to the sight

A

COLORANTS

130
Q

Alkaline Mouthwash

SYNONYMS

A

alkaline antiseptic solution
alkaline aromatic solution

131
Q

Alkaline Mouthwash

uses

A

antiseptic mouthwash

132
Q

Alkaline Mouthwash

active ingredient
neutralizes the odor in the mouth

A

potassium bicarbonate

133
Q

Alkaline Mouthwash

active ingredient
antiseptic

A

sodium borate

134
Q

Alkaline Mouthwash

flavorant

A

thymol
eucalyptol
methyl salicylate

135
Q

Alkaline Mouthwash

preservative & solvent

A

alcohol

136
Q

Alkaline Mouthwash

humectant

A

glycerin

137
Q

Alkaline Mouthwash

vehicle

A

purified water

138
Q

Alkaline Mouthwash

method of preparation

A

solution by agitation

139
Q

Alkaline Mouthwash

aux label

A

do not swallow

140
Q

Are aqueous solutions used for treating the pharynx and nasopharynx by forcing air from the lung through the gargle which is held in throat, subsequently, the gargle is expectorated

A

gargle

141
Q

Phenol Gargle

synonym

A

carbolic acid gargle

142
Q

Phenol Gargle

uses

A

antiseptic

143
Q

Phenol Gargle

active ingredient

A

phenol 16% w/w

144
Q

Phenol Gargle

humectant
soothing effect on the throat

A

glycerin 84% w/w

145
Q

Phenol Gargle

colorant

A

FD&C

146
Q

Phenol Gargle

method of preparation

A

simple solution

147
Q
  • Oleaginous or alcoholic solutions
  • Also known as “embrocations” [applied with rubbing to the affected area]
  • Are solutions or mixtures of various substances in oil, alcoholic solution of soap or emulsion intended for external applications
  • Are usually applied to the skin with friction and rubbing, with the oil and soap base providing for ease of application and massage
  • should not be applied in bruises and broken skin
A

LINIMENTS

148
Q

TYPES OF LINIMENTS

Are intended for their rubefacient, counterirritant, mildly astringent and penetrating effects

A

ALCOHOLIC LINIMENTS

149
Q

Methyl Salicylate Liniment

SYNONYMS

A

oil of wintergreen
betula oil

150
Q

Methyl Salicylate Liniment

uses

A

temporary relief of pain

151
Q

Methyl Salicylate Liniment

active ingredient - penetatrion
enhancer - analgesic

A

menthol

152
Q

Methyl Salicylate Liniment

fragrance

A

eucalytpus oil

153
Q

Methyl Salicylate Liniment

active ingredient - rubefacient

A

essential oil of camphor

154
Q

Methyl Salicylate Liniment

active ingredeint
vehicle

A

methyl salicylate

155
Q

Methyl Salicylate Liniment

method of preparation

A

simple solution

156
Q

Methyl Salicylate Liniment

precaution for safe handling

A

avoid contact w skin & eyes
avoid inhalation of vapour mist

157
Q
  • Are clear, pleasantly-flavored, sweetened hydroalcoholic liquids intended for oral use
  • More fluid than syrups because of the less viscous ingredients and minimal use of viscosity builders
A

ELIXIRS

158
Q

ELIXIRS

WHAT TYPE OF SOLVENT:
Alcohol 5-40%
Water

A

PRIMARY SOLVENTS

159
Q

ELIXIRS

WHAT TYPE OF SOLVENT:
Glycerin
Sorbitol
Propylene glycol

A

ADJUNCT SOLVENT - SOLUBILIZING AGENT

160
Q

Elixir containing ____% alcohol are self-preserving

A

10 - 12%

161
Q

TYPES OF ELIXIRS

  • Used for flavors and vehicles in prescriptions
  • Example: Aromatic elixir; compound benzaldehyde elixir; isoalcoholic elixir
A

FLAVORED ELIXIRS

162
Q

TYPES OF ELIXIRS

  • Used for the therapeutic effect of the active constituent
  • Example: Amobarbital elixir
A

MEDICATED ELIXIR

163
Q

AROMATIC ELIXIR

synonyms

A

simple elixir

164
Q

AROMATIC ELIXIR

uses

A

flavored vehicle

165
Q

AROMATIC ELIXIR

active ingredient - flavorant

A

orange oil
lemon oil
corainder oil
anise oil

166
Q

AROMATIC ELIXIR

sweetening agent

A

syrup

167
Q

AROMATIC ELIXIR

solvent for oil
preservative
vehicle

A

alcohol

168
Q

AROMATIC ELIXIR

clarifying agent

A

talc

169
Q

AROMATIC ELIXIR

method of preparation

A

solution by agitation

170
Q
  • Also known as “essences”
  • Are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile oils or substance
  • Has higher alcoholic concentration than elixir usually greater than 60%
  • Uses
     As medicinal agents
     As non medicated - flavoring agents
  • Preservation
     Stored in tight, light-resistant containers and in a cool place
A

SPIRITS

171
Q

They are of high alcoholic content and do not blend themselves well to dilution with aqueous solutions or liquids of low alcoholic content.

A

spirits

172
Q

SPIRITS | INCOMPATIBILITIES

Aqueous solution causes ____ of some materials dissolved in the spirit, as evidenced by turbidity

A

SEPARATION

173
Q

SPIRITS | INCOMPATIBILITIES

____ in aqueous solutions maybe precipitated by the addition of spirits due to the lesser solubility in alcoholic fluids.

A

SALTS

174
Q

Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia

SYNONYMS

A

spirit of sal volatile

175
Q

Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia

uses

A

respiratory stimulant

176
Q

Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia

active ingredients

A

ammonium carbonate
strong ammonia solution

177
Q

Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia

odorant

A

lemon oil
lavender oil
nutmeg oil

178
Q

Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia

solvent for oils
preservative

A

alcohol

179
Q

Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia

method of preparation

A

solution by chemical reaction

DOSAGE FORMS LAB (6 decks)

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