SOLUTIONS Flashcards
- syrup
- honey
- mucilage
- jellies
SWEET / VISCID
- water
- aromatic water
- aqueous acids
- diluted acids
- solution
- douche
- enemas
- gargle
- mouthwash
- juices
- nasal solutions
- otic solution
AQUEOUS
- collodion
- elixir
- glycerin/glycerites
- inhalations and inhalants
- liniment
- oleovitamins
- spirit
- toothache drops
NON-AQUEOUS
- are chemically and physically homogenous mixtures of two or more substances
- Liquid preparations containing one or more chemical substance dissolved in a suitable solvent
- Solute - smaller quantity
- Solvent - larger quantity
SOLUTIONS
SOLUTIONS
larger quantity
solvent
SOLUTIONS
smaller quantity
solute
Advantages of Solutions
drug is immediately available for ____
skips disintegration & dissolution
absorption
Advantages of Solutions
____ dosing is possible
adjustable volume according to patient
flexible
Advantages of Solutions
they may be designed for any ____
route of administration
Advantages of Solutions
facilitates ____ in difficult cases
swallowing
Disadvantages of Solutions
drug ____ is reduced often by solvolysis, hydrolysis or oxidation
stability
Disadvantages of Solutions
difficult to ____
mask unpleasant tastes
Disadvantages of Solutions
____, prone to container ____
bulky, breakages
Disadvantages of Solutions
____ to measure dose on administration
technical accuracy
Methods of preparing solutions
simple solution
solution by chemical reaction
solution by extraction
- is prepared by dissolving the solute in most of the solvent, mixing until dissolved, then adding sufficient volume to bring the solution up to proper volume
- Ex Calcium hydroxide solution
SIMPLE SOLUTION
Calcium hydroxide solution synonym
LIME WATER
- antacid
- treats acid burns
- clear saturated solution of Ca(OH)₂
Calcium hydroxide solution
lime water
- is prepared by reacting two or more solutes with each other in a suitable solvent
- Ex Aluminum subacetate solution, Magnesium citrate solution
SOLUTION BY CHEMICAL REACTION
- topical antiseptic
- wet dressing
ALUMINUM SUBACETATE
- laxative
- cathartic
Magensium citrate solution
- is prepared by extracting the drug with water or with water-containing other substances
- often classified as extractives
- Ex: Liver solution of NFXI
SOLUTION BY EXTRACTION
STRONG IODINE SOLUTION
synonyms
Lugol’s solution
Compound iodine solution
Aqueous solution of iodine
Ptassium triiodide solution
STRONG IODINE SOLUTION
Latin name/s
Liquor iodi fortis
Solutio iodi aquosa
STRONG IODINE SOLUTION
Use/s
treatment of overactive thyroid condition
antiseptic
STRONG IODINE SOLUTION
method of preparation
simple solution
STRONG IODINE SOLUTION
iodine
active ingredient
STRONG IODINE SOLUTION
potassium iodide
solubilizing agent
iodine + potassium iodide
potassium triiodide
STRONG IODINE SOLUTION
iodine is ____ in water, with one gram dissolving in 2950mL
slightly soluble
STRONG IODINE SOLUTION
purified water
vehicle
Easily stains surface and clothes
iodine crystals
drops for iodine deficiency
2 - 6 drops
(0.1 - 0.3 mL)
STRONG IODINE SOLUTION
auxillary label
for external use only
70% ethyl alcohol
synonyms
70% ethanol
rubbing alcohol
70% ethyl alcohol
Latin name
spiritus vini rectificatus
70% ethyl alcohol
USE/S:
externally
rubefacient
70% ethyl alcohol
USE/S:
for bedridden patients
soothing rub
70% ethyl alcohol
USE/S:
for instruments
germicide
70% ethyl alcohol
USE/S:
prior to injection
skin cleanser and antiseptic
70% ethyl alcohol
USE/S:
for topical preparations
vehicle
70% ethyl alcohol
method of preparation
simple solution
70% ethyl alcohol
95% Ethanol (alcohol USP)
active ingredient
70% ethyl alcohol
purified water
solvent
70% ethyl alcohol
sotrage condition
tight container
remote from fire
70% ethyl alcohol
auxillary label
for external use only
70% ethyl alcohol
description
volatile & flammable
CONCENTRATION
dehydrated alcohol
(absolute alcohol)
99.5%
CONCENTRATION
diluted alcohol
49%
CONCENTRATION
Rubbing alcohol
70% ethyl alcohol
70%
- Water free alcohol
- Used for injection
- Severe and chronic pain-nerve pain
- Treatment of methanol poisoning
Dehydrated alcohol
(aboslute alcohol)
- Equal volume of alcohol and water
- Hydroalcoholic solvent in different pharmaceutical process and preparation
Diluted alcohol
- Soothing rub for bed ridden patient
- Germicidal for instruments
- Skin cleanser prior to injection
Rubbing alcohol
70% ethyl alcohol
Alcohol Dilution Computation
FORMULA
C1V1=C2V2
Colorless to slightly yellow clear, effervescent liquid having a sweet acidulous taste and a lemon flavor
MAGNESIUM CITRATE SOLUTION
Magnesium Citrate solution
synonym
citrate of magnesia
Magnesium Citrate solution
latin name
liquor magnesii citratis
Magnesium Citrate solution
Use/s
saline cathartic
Magnesium Citrate solution
Magnesium carbonate
active ingredient
Magnesium Citrate solution
citric acid
acidifying agent
improves stability
Magnesium Citrate solution
alternative for potassium bicarbonte
sodium bicarbonate
Magnesium Citrate solution
lemon oil
flavorant
Magnesium Citrate solution
potassium bicarbonate
alkalinizing agent
cabronating agent
Magnesium citrate functions best on an
empty stomach
Magnesium Citrate solution
talc
clarifying agent
Improvement of taste for Magnesium citrate
Chill ahead of time
drink at least 2 to 3 eight ounces of clear liquids
Magnesium Citrate solution
syrup
sweetening agent
Magnesium Citrate solution
purified water
solvent
Magnesium Citrate solution
method of preparation
solution by chemical reaction
- required amount of magnesium citrate in 100mL solution
- provides an excellent medium for the growth of molds
- to remain stable
- it should be heated to boiling prior to carbonation
1.55g-1.9g
Magnesium citrate works by attracting water through the tissues by a process known as
osmosis
- “Medicated Water”
- clear, saturated aqueous solutions of volatile oils or other aromatic or volatile substances.
AROMATIC WATERS
Components of aromatic waters
Volatile/aromatic substances
Water
Talc
AROMATIC WATERS
active
volatile/aromatic substances
AROMATIC WATERS
clarifying / distributing agent
talc
- Their odors and tastes are the same as those of the drugs or volatile substances from which they are prepared
- They should be free from empyreumatic [smoke-like] and other foreign odor
AROMATIC WATERS
AROMATIC WATERS
vehicle/solvent
water
METHODS OF PREPARATION
- is the most frequently employed, easiest and fastest method
- volatile oil is incorporated with talc and dissolves in water. Slurry mixture is agitated several times for 10 minutes then filter. . Add sufficient amount of purified water through the filter to make the product measure 1000 ml
- Ex. Cinnamon Water
ALTERNATE METHOD / SOLUTION BY INTERVENTION
METHODS OF PREPARATION
Example soluble Rose fluid
USE OF SOLUBLE CONCENTRATES
INCOMPATIBILITIES
The aromatic substances may be ____ when the water is used as a vehicle for drugs which are electrolytes. The insoluble materials may collect on the top of the liquid, imparting a burning taste to the first dose.
SALTED OUT
METHOD OF PREPARATION
The concentrated waters contain 20 ml of volatile oil per liter of solution and sufficient alcohol to produce ethanol content of 51 to 55% v/v. From this, aromatic water can be prepared by diluting the solution with 39 times its own volume of water. Aromatic waters prepared by these methods are slightly inferior than those made by the official processes.
Use of aqueous alcoholic solutions of volatile oil
AROMATIC WATERS
USES
flavored vehicle
perfumed vehicle
METHODS OF PREPARATION
- Slowest & most expensive
- Place the odoriferous substance (perfuming agents) in a suitable container in a sufficient amount of purified water as solvent
- strong rose water
DISTILLATION
METHODS OF PREPARATION
- The volatile substance is agitated in purified water and set aside for 12 hours and filter (to permit excess oil and solid substances to settle
- Ex. Camphor Water
DIRECT SOLUTION / SIMPLE SOLUTION
METHODS OF PREPARATION
Example: Polysorbate 80 or Tween 20
incorporation of solubilizing agents
Water prepared by the use of soluble concentrates & incorporation of solubilizing agents are susceptible to
mold growth
water in concentrations higher than 2% impart an objectionable ____ taste
OIL
prevention for salting out
replacing part of aromatic water with purified water
Camphor Water
synonyms
gum laurel water
laurel camphor water
Camphor Water
latin name
aqua camphorae
Camphor Water
use/s:
internally
carminative
Camphor Water
use/s:
eye lotion
antiseptic
anesthetic
Camphor Water
carmphor
active ingredient
Camphor Water
purified water
solvent
Camphor Water
method of preparation
direct solution
Camphor Water
storage condition
light resistant container
away from light & excessive ehat
Camphor Water
auxillary label
protect from sunlight
Are concentrated solutions of sugar in water
SYRUP
____ solutions of sucrose provide an excellent nutrient for molds, yeasts and other microorganisms
DILUTE
SYRUP
Concentrations of ____ by weight or more will retard the growth of microorganism
65%
SYRUP
____ solution may lead to crystallization of a part of the sucrose under conditions of changing temperature.
SATURATED
Sucrose can undergo ____ in aqueous solution
DEGRADATIVE REACTION
Growth of organism (yeast and molds)
FERMENTATION
Sugar (sucrose-dissacharide) is hydrolysed and it produces
MONOSACCHARIDES
Due to excessive heating
HYDROLYSIS
Invert sugar is ____ than sucrose
SWEETER
Colorless syrup darkens due to
LEVULOSE
Overheating may change the color to amber due to ____ of sucrose
CARAMELIZATION
- This method is a suitable preparation method, if the constituents are not volatile or not degraded by heat.
- Purified water is heated to 80–85°C, and then removed from its heat source.
- Weight desired amount of Sucrose is added with vigorous agitation.
- Then, other required heat-stable components are added to the hot syrup, the mixture is allowed to cool, and its volume is adjusted to the proper level by the addition of purified water.
- In instances in which heat-labile agents or volatile substances, such as flavors and alcohol, are added, they are incorporated into the syrup after cooling to room temperature.
- Heat should be regulated because it will lead to caramelization or the formation of invert sugar
- Example: Acacia Syrup NF, Cocoa syrup NF, Tolu Syrup IP
SOLUTION WITH THE AID OF HEAT
- This method is used for substances that degradation on heating or volatilize formulation constituents. i.e suitable for heat labile substances.
- Sucrose & other ingredients are dissolved in purified water through agitation (without heat).
- Example- Sulphate syrup
SOLUTION BY AGITATION WITHOUT HEAT
- This method is often used with fluidextracts or tinctures.
- Fluid extract or tinctures are added to a syrup.
- Addition of these may cause precipitation of alcohol soluble materials due to dilution.
- Example- Aromatic eridictyon syrup NF
Addition of Sucrose to a Liquid Medication or Flavored Liquid
- Cold process
- In the percolation method, either purified water or the medicinal component (dissolve in purified water) is passed slowly through a bed of crystalline sucrose, thus, dissolving it and forming a syrup.
- Sucrose is placed in suitable percolator.
- Purified water (with medicament) is allowed to slowly pass through sucrose
- Percolate may return back in necessary final volume is adjusted by purified water
PERCOLATION
SIMPLE SYRUP
Synonym
sucrose
SIMPLE SYRUP
uses
sweetener
vehicle
SIMPLE SYRUP
sucrose
active ingredient
SIMPLE SYRUP
purified water
vehicle
SIMPLE SYRUP
method of preparation
solution with the aid of heat
synonym of mouthwash
collutorium
- are aqueous, pleasantly-flavored aqueous solution used for cleaning the oral cavity, freshening the breath, and treating mucous membranes of the mouth
- Used for its deodorant, refreshing and antiseptic effects
MOUTHWASH
MOUTHWASH
Freshen the breath
COSMETIC
MOUTHWASH
- Plaque and tartar control, tooth decay
- gingivitis
THERAPEUTIC
COMPONENTS OF MOUTHWASH
% of alcohol
10 - 20%
COMPONENTS OF MOUTHWASH
% of humectant
5 - 20%
COMPONENTS OF MOUTHWASH
% of surfactants
0.1 - 0.5%
COMPONENTS OF MOUTHWASH
- Enhances the flavor
- Provides a certain sharpness to the taste
- Aids in making the unpleasant taste of active ingredients
- Solubilizing agent for flavorants
- Preservative
alcohol 10-20%
COMPONENTS OF MOUTHWASH
- Increase the viscosity of the product,
- Provide a certain body or mouth-feel to the product
- Enhance the sweetness of the product
- Preservative
- Example: glycerin and sorbitol
humectant 5-20%
COMPONENTS OF MOUTHWASH
- to solubilize flavors and to provide a foaming action
- polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene polymers
- sodium lauryl sulphate
- cetylpyridium chloride
surfactants 0.1 - 0.5%
COMPONENTS OF MOUTHWASH
to overcome disagreeable taste
Examples: peppermint, spearmint, cinnamon, wintergreen oils, and menthol.
flavorants
COMPONENTS OF MOUTHWASH
to enhance or to make the product pleasing to the sight
COLORANTS
Alkaline Mouthwash
SYNONYMS
alkaline antiseptic solution
alkaline aromatic solution
Alkaline Mouthwash
uses
antiseptic mouthwash
Alkaline Mouthwash
active ingredient
neutralizes the odor in the mouth
potassium bicarbonate
Alkaline Mouthwash
active ingredient
antiseptic
sodium borate
Alkaline Mouthwash
flavorant
thymol
eucalyptol
methyl salicylate
Alkaline Mouthwash
preservative & solvent
alcohol
Alkaline Mouthwash
humectant
glycerin
Alkaline Mouthwash
vehicle
purified water
Alkaline Mouthwash
method of preparation
solution by agitation
Alkaline Mouthwash
aux label
do not swallow
Are aqueous solutions used for treating the pharynx and nasopharynx by forcing air from the lung through the gargle which is held in throat, subsequently, the gargle is expectorated
gargle
Phenol Gargle
synonym
carbolic acid gargle
Phenol Gargle
uses
antiseptic
Phenol Gargle
active ingredient
phenol 16% w/w
Phenol Gargle
humectant
soothing effect on the throat
glycerin 84% w/w
Phenol Gargle
colorant
FD&C
Phenol Gargle
method of preparation
simple solution
- Oleaginous or alcoholic solutions
- Also known as “embrocations” [applied with rubbing to the affected area]
- Are solutions or mixtures of various substances in oil, alcoholic solution of soap or emulsion intended for external applications
- Are usually applied to the skin with friction and rubbing, with the oil and soap base providing for ease of application and massage
- should not be applied in bruises and broken skin
LINIMENTS
TYPES OF LINIMENTS
Are intended for their rubefacient, counterirritant, mildly astringent and penetrating effects
ALCOHOLIC LINIMENTS
Methyl Salicylate Liniment
SYNONYMS
oil of wintergreen
betula oil
Methyl Salicylate Liniment
uses
temporary relief of pain
Methyl Salicylate Liniment
active ingredient - penetatrion
enhancer - analgesic
menthol
Methyl Salicylate Liniment
fragrance
eucalytpus oil
Methyl Salicylate Liniment
active ingredient - rubefacient
essential oil of camphor
Methyl Salicylate Liniment
active ingredeint
vehicle
methyl salicylate
Methyl Salicylate Liniment
method of preparation
simple solution
Methyl Salicylate Liniment
precaution for safe handling
avoid contact w skin & eyes
avoid inhalation of vapour mist
- Are clear, pleasantly-flavored, sweetened hydroalcoholic liquids intended for oral use
- More fluid than syrups because of the less viscous ingredients and minimal use of viscosity builders
ELIXIRS
ELIXIRS
WHAT TYPE OF SOLVENT:
Alcohol 5-40%
Water
PRIMARY SOLVENTS
ELIXIRS
WHAT TYPE OF SOLVENT:
Glycerin
Sorbitol
Propylene glycol
ADJUNCT SOLVENT - SOLUBILIZING AGENT
Elixir containing ____% alcohol are self-preserving
10 - 12%
TYPES OF ELIXIRS
- Used for flavors and vehicles in prescriptions
- Example: Aromatic elixir; compound benzaldehyde elixir; isoalcoholic elixir
FLAVORED ELIXIRS
TYPES OF ELIXIRS
- Used for the therapeutic effect of the active constituent
- Example: Amobarbital elixir
MEDICATED ELIXIR
AROMATIC ELIXIR
synonyms
simple elixir
AROMATIC ELIXIR
uses
flavored vehicle
AROMATIC ELIXIR
active ingredient - flavorant
orange oil
lemon oil
corainder oil
anise oil
AROMATIC ELIXIR
sweetening agent
syrup
AROMATIC ELIXIR
solvent for oil
preservative
vehicle
alcohol
AROMATIC ELIXIR
clarifying agent
talc
AROMATIC ELIXIR
method of preparation
solution by agitation
- Also known as “essences”
- Are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile oils or substance
- Has higher alcoholic concentration than elixir usually greater than 60%
-
Uses
As medicinal agents
As non medicated - flavoring agents -
Preservation
Stored in tight, light-resistant containers and in a cool place
SPIRITS
They are of high alcoholic content and do not blend themselves well to dilution with aqueous solutions or liquids of low alcoholic content.
spirits
SPIRITS | INCOMPATIBILITIES
Aqueous solution causes ____ of some materials dissolved in the spirit, as evidenced by turbidity
SEPARATION
SPIRITS | INCOMPATIBILITIES
____ in aqueous solutions maybe precipitated by the addition of spirits due to the lesser solubility in alcoholic fluids.
SALTS
Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia
SYNONYMS
spirit of sal volatile
Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia
uses
respiratory stimulant
Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia
active ingredients
ammonium carbonate
strong ammonia solution
Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia
odorant
lemon oil
lavender oil
nutmeg oil
Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia
solvent for oils
preservative
alcohol
Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia
method of preparation
solution by chemical reaction
