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DOSAGE FORMS LAB > MOD 2 > Flashcards

MOD 2 Flashcards

1
Q
  • a mixture of finely divided drugs from the comminution of chemicals in dry form.
  • The powder may be used internally or externally.
A

POWDERS

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2
Q

ADVANTAGES OF POWDERS

A
  • Flexibility of compounding
  • Good chemical stability
  • Rapid dispersion of ingredients because of the small particle size
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3
Q

DISADVANTAGES

A
  • Time-consuming preparation
  • Inaccuracy of dose
  • Unsuitability for many unpleasant-tasting, hygroscopic, and deliquescent drugs
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4
Q

determined by the size of sieve they will pass through generally range from 0.1 to 10 micron in size

A

PARTICLE SIZE

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5
Q

indicates the number of openings in the mesh screen per inch.

A

SCREEN SIZE

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6
Q

medicated powders usually present in large quantities or volumes and are limited to non-potent substances

A

BULK POWDERS

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7
Q
  • dispensed in individualized doses
  • potent
  • examples of these powders are dusting powder, oral powders, triturations, douche, insufflations, and dentifrices.
A

DIVIDED POWDERS

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8
Q
  • Continuous rubbing or grinding of the powder in a mortar with a pestle
  • Product: dry powder
A

TRITURATION

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9
Q

TYPE OF MORTAR & PESTLE

for solids to aid in dissolution in liquids

A

WEDGEWOOD

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10
Q

TYPES OF MORTAR & PESTLE

  • liquids & semisolids
  • nonporous & non staining
A

GLASS

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11
Q
  • Triturating it in a mortar and pestle or using an ointment slab and spatula.
  • This method is often used to prevent a gritty feel when solids are incorporated into dermatologic or ophthalmic ointments and suspensions.
  • Products: paste
A

LEVIGATION

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12
Q

common levigating agent

A

MINERAL OIL
GLYCERIN

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13
Q
  • using an additional materials in which that material is soluble - a volatile solvent that evaporates
  • The dissolved powder is then mixed in a mortar or spread on an ointment slab to enhance the evaporation of the solvent. As the solvent evaporates, the powder will recrystallize out of solution as fine particles
  • This technique is often used with gummy substances that reagglomerate or resist grinding
  • By grinder & mill
A

PULVERIZATION BY INTERVENTION

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14
Q

Example of volatile solvent

A

ALCOHOL
ACETONE

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15
Q
  • A spatula is used to blend small amounts of powders on a sheet of paper or a pill tile.
  • This method is not suitable for large quantities of powders or for powders that contain potent substances because homogeneous blending may not occur.
  • This method is particularly useful for solid substances that liquefy or form eutectic mixtures (i.e., mixtures that melt at a lower temperature than any of their ingredients) when in close, prolonged contact with one another because little compression or compaction results.
A

SPATULATION

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16
Q

These substances include phenol, camphor, menthol, thymol, aspirin, phenylsalicylate, and phenacetin.

A

EUTECTIC MIXTURES

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17
Q

To diminish contact, powders prepared from eutrectic mixtures are commonly mixed with an

A

INERT DILUENT

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18
Q

prevents eutexia with aspirin, phenylsalicylate, and other troublesome compounds

A

SILICIC ACID (20%)

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19
Q
  • If comminution is desired, a porcelain or ceramic mortar with a rough inner surface is preferred to a glass mortar with a smooth working surface.
  • A glass mortar is preferable for chemicals that stain a porcelain or ceramic surface as well as for simple admixture of substances without special need for comminution. A glass mortar cleans more readily after use.
A

TRITURATION

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20
Q
  • is used when potent substances must be mixed with a large amount of diluent.
  • The potent drug and an approximately equal volume of diluent are placed in a mortar and thoroughly mixed by trituration.
  • A second portion of diluent, equal in volume to the powder mixture in the mortar, is added, and trituration is repeated. The process is continued; equal volumes of diluent are added to the powder mixture in the mortar until all of the diluent is incorporated.
A

GEOMETRIC DILUTION

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21
Q
  • Powders are mixed by passing them through sifters similar to those used to sift flour.
  • This process results in a light, fluffy product. Usually, it is not acceptable for incorporating potent drugs into a diluent base.
A

SIFTING

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22
Q
  • is the process of mixing powders in a large container rotated by a motorized process.
  • These blenders are widely used in industry, as are large-volume powder mixers that use motorized blades to blend the powder in a large mixing vessel.
A

TUMBLING

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23
Q

dispensed in bulk containers such as perforated or sifter can, aerosol container and wide-mouthed glass jar

A

BULK

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24
Q

dispensed in papers that are properly folded and placed in re sealable plastic

A

DIVIDED POWDERS

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25
Q

SOLUTIONS

Volatile substances (e.g., camphor, menthol, essential oils) can be lost by volatilization after they are incorporated into powders.

A

USE OF HEAT SEALED PLASTIC BAGS or DOUBLEE WRAPING WITH WAXED OR GLASSINE PAPER

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26
Q

can be added to increase the absorbability of the powders by increasing the surface area

A

MAGNESIUM CARBONATE
STARCH
LACTOSE

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27
Q

SOLUTION

Hygroscopic and deliquescent substances that become moist because of an affinity for moisture in the air

A

ADDING INER DILUENTS
DOUBLE WRAPPING

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28
Q

inert diluent for eutectic mixtures

A

LIGHT MAGNESIUM OXIDE
MAGNESIUM CARBONATE

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29
Q

substances are wrap in wax paper then wax paper will be wrapped with bond paper

A

DOUBLE WRAPPING

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30
Q

hygroscopic, deliquescent, or volatile powders should be packed in ____ rather than pasteboard containers

A

GLASS JARS

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31
Q

should be used if needed to prevent decomposition of light-sensitive components

A

AMBER
GREEN GLASS

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32
Q

all powders should be stored in

A

TIGHTLY LOSED CONTAINERS

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33
Q

SYNONYM

ASPIRIN DIVIDED POWDERS

A

ASPIRIN CHARTS
ASPIRIN CHARTULAE

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34
Q

USE/S

ASPIRIN DIVIDED POWDERS

A

ANALGESIC
ANTI INFLAMM
ANTIPYRETIC
ANTITHROMBOTIC

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35
Q

many use due to dose-dependent effects

A

ASPIRIN DIVIDED POWDERS

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36
Q

METHOD

ASPIRIN DIVIDED POWDERS

A

BLOCK & DIVIDE

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37
Q

APPROPRIATE CONTAINER

ASPIRIN DIVIDED POWDERS

A

WAX PAPER / RESEALABLE PLASTIC

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38
Q

ASPIRIN DIVIDED POWDERS

API

A

ASPIRIN

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39
Q

ASPIRIN DIVIDED POWDERS

DILUENT

A

LACTOSE

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40
Q
  • a dosage form composed of dry aggregates of powder particles that may contain one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), with or without other ingredients.
  • particles ranging in size from about 4 to 10 mesh
  • can be dispersed in food or Dissolved in water
  • can be used in other dosage form such as making a compacted tablet or filled in the capsule with or without excipients
A

GRANULES

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41
Q
  • poor flow properties
  • less stable
  • more likely to harden / cake
  • drug float on surface; difficult to make solution
  • poor compressibility
  • non uniform dosing
  • more dust
  • less appealing
  • simple method
A

POWDERS

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42
Q
  • flow well
  • less surface area
  • more stable
  • less likely to harden
  • easily wetted
  • good compressibility
  • less dust
  • more elegant appearance
  • involves more processing
A

GRANULES

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43
Q
  • Production of a moist mass by heating the ingredients sufficiently to drive off the water of hydration from the uneffloresced citric acid, forcing the mass through a coarse sieve and drying in an oven.
  • The product should be dispensed in tightly closed glass container to protect it against humidity and air.
A

DRY METHOD / DRY FUSION METHOD

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44
Q

It involves the addition of small amounts of water to the dry salts to obtain a workable mass which is then dried and ground to yield the powder or granule.

A

WET METHOD / WET FUSION METHOD

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45
Q

SYNONYM

SODIUM PHOSPHATE EFFERVESCENT GRANULE

A

SODII PHOSPHAS EFFERVESCENTES

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46
Q

USE/S

SODIUM PHOSPHATE EFFERVESCENT GRANULE

A

SALINE LAXATIVE

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47
Q

METHOD OF PREPARATION

SODIUM PHOSPHATE EFFERVESCENT GRANULE

A

DRY FUSION METHOD

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48
Q

APPROPRIATE CONTAINER

SODIUM PHOSPHATE EFFERVESCENT GRANULE

A

WIDE MOUTH BOTTLE

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49
Q

STORAGE CONDITION

SODIUM PHOSPHATE EFFERVESCENT GRANULE

A

PROTECT FROM AIR & HUMIDITY

50
Q

SODIUM PHOSPHATE EFFERVESCENT GRANULE

API

A

SODIUM PHOSPHATE

51
Q

SODIUM PHOSPHATE EFFERVESCENT GRANULE

ALKALINIZER

A

SODIUM BICARBONATE

52
Q

SODIUM PHOSPHATE EFFERVESCENT GRANULE

ACIDIFIER

A

CITRIC ACID
TARTARIC ACID

53
Q

Also referred to as the “dry-filled capsules”

A

CAPSULES

54
Q

derived from pork skin by acid processing

A

TYPE A GELATIN

55
Q

obtained from bones and animal skins by alkaline processing

A

TYPE B GELATIN

56
Q

added to capsule formulations to enhance drug dissolution

A

WETTING AGENTS

57
Q

CAPSULE

LUBRICANT

A

MAGNESIUM STEARATE

58
Q

CAPSULE

WETTING AGENT

A

SODIUM LAURYL SULFATE

59
Q

in capsules, it is preferably used to ensure homogenous mixture of actives and excipients

A

GEOMETRIC DILUTION

60
Q
  • powder is placed on a powder paper or ointment slab and smoothed with a spatula to a height approximately half the length of the capsule body
  • the base of the capsule is held vertically and the open end is repeatedly pushed or punched into the powder until the capsule is filled; the cap is then replaced to close the capsule
A

PUNCH METHOD

61
Q

On a small scale, capsules are cleaned individually or in small numbers by rubbing them on a

A

GAUSE OR CLOTH

62
Q

On a large scale, many capsule-filling machines have a ____ that removes any extraneous material as the capsules leave the machine

A

CLEANING VACUUM

63
Q

Capsules should be visually inspected and checked for:

A

UNIFORMITY
EXTENT OF FILL
LOCKED

64
Q

Hard capsules contain ____ water

A

12 - 16 %

65
Q

soft gelatin capsules are also called as

A

SOFT ELASTIC CAPSILE (SEC)

66
Q
  • soft, globular, thicker
  • more moisture
  • pharmaceutically elegant
  • prepared by plate process, rotating die process, reciprocating die process
A

SOFT GELATIN CAPSULES

67
Q

COMPONENTS OF SOFT GEL CAPS

GELATIN

in %

A

35 - 45%

68
Q

COMPONENTS OF SOFT GEL CAPS

PLASTICIZER

in %

A

15 - 25 %

69
Q

common plasticizer used in soft gel caps

A

GLYCERIN
SORBITOL

70
Q

COMPONENTS OF SOFT GEL CAPS

WATER

in %

A

40%

71
Q

SYNONYM

ACETAMINOPHEN CAPSULE

A

PARACETAMOL CAPSULE

72
Q

USE/S

ACETAMINOPHEN CAPSULE

A

ANALGESIC
ANTIPYRETIC

73
Q

METHOD OF PREPARATION

ACETAMINOPHEN CAPSULE

A

PUNCH METHOD

74
Q

APPROPRIATE CONTAINER

ACETAMINOPHEN CAPSULE

A

RESEALABLE PLASTIC

75
Q

ACETAMINOPHEN CAPSULE

API

A

ACETAMINOPHEN

76
Q

ACETAMINOPHEN CAPSULE

DILUENT

A

STARCH

77
Q

TABLET

Kaolin
Lactose
Mannitol
Starch
Calcium phosphate
Ppt calcium carbonate

A

DILUENT OR FILLER

78
Q

TABLET

Carboxymethylcellulose
Natural gums
Alginic acid
Gelatin
Pre gelatinized starch
Liquid glucose
Ethycellulose

A

BINDERS OR ADHESIVES

79
Q

TABLET

Clays
Starch
Alginic acid
Polacrillin potassium (amberlite)
Sodium alginate
Sodium starch glycolate

A

DISINTEGRANT

80
Q

TABLET

Magnesium stearate

A

ANTIADHERENT

81
Q

TABLET

Cornstarch,
Talc
Colloidal silica

A

GLIDANTS

82
Q

TABLET

Calcium stearate
Magnesium stearate
Mineral oil
Stearic acid
Zinc stearate

A

LUBRICANT

83
Q

TABLET

anise oil,
cinnamon,
cocoa,
menthol,
orange oil,
peppermint oil,
vanilla

A

FLAVORANTS

84
Q

refers to tablets having pieces broken out or chipped, usually around the edges

A

CHIPPING

85
Q

Cracked in the center

A

CRACKING

86
Q

occurs when the upper segment of the tablet separates from the main portion of the tablet and comes off as a cap

A

CAPPING

87
Q

is due to the same causes as capping except that the tablet splits and comes apart at the sides and is ejected in two parts

A

LAMINATION

88
Q

preferred base for tablet triturates

A

LACTOSE

89
Q

a base for tablet triturates that adds a pleasant, cooling sensation and additional sweetness in the mouth

A

MANNITOL

90
Q

% of lactose in tablet triturates that makes the tablet firmer

A

20%

91
Q

Drugs that react chemically with sugars require special bases such as

A

ppt calcium carb
ppt calcium phos
kaolin
bentonite

92
Q

SYNONYMS

TABLET TRITURATES

A

MOLDED TABLETS
TABELLA TRITURATE
TABLET TRITURATII

93
Q

USE/S

TABLET TRITURATES

A

DILUENT
SWEETENER

94
Q

METHOD OF PREPARATION

TABLET TRITURATES

A

MACHINE MOLDING

95
Q

APPROPRIATE CONTAINER

TABLET TRITURATES

A

WIDE MOUTH

96
Q

TABLET TRITURATES

API (DILUENT)

A

LACTOSE

97
Q

TABLET TRITURATES

MOISTENING AGENT

A

95% ALCOHOL

98
Q

TABLET TRITURATES

CO SOLVENT MIXTURE AS MOISTENING AGENT

A

WATER

99
Q

an API used as laxative; for constipation

A

LACTULOSE

100
Q

TYPES OF PILLS

A

COMPRESSED
DISPENSING

101
Q
  • formerly the most extensively used oral dosage form
  • easy to make and compact in quantity
  • masked bitter or unpleasant tastes and odors
  • stable for long periods and can be administered in this form if the dose is not too large
A

PILLS

102
Q

A generic pill excipient contain

A

GLUCOSE
GLYCERN
POWDERED ACACIA
BENZOIC ACID

103
Q

used as a preservative and might be omitted if only a small batch of pill mass was being compounded.

A

BENZOIC ACID

104
Q

20mg and less potent substance with coloring agents

A

PARVULES

105
Q

20 mg to 60mg it contains sugar

A

GRANULES

106
Q

60mg to 500mg comes in variety of sizes, shapes, coating and color

A

PILLS

107
Q

700mg to 2000mg for veterinary use

A

BOLUSES

108
Q

SYNONYMS

MAGNESIUM SULFATE PILLS

A

SULFURIC ACID MAGNESIUM SALT
BITTER SALTS
EPSOM SALT

109
Q

USE/S

MAGNESIUM SULFATE PILLS

A

SALINE LAXATIVE

110
Q

METHOD OF PREPARATION

MAGNESIUM SULFATE PILLS

A

HAND MOLDING

111
Q

APPROPRIATE CONTAINER

MAGNESIUM SULFATE PILLS

A

WIDE MOUTH

112
Q

MAGNESIUM SULFATE PILLS

API

A

MAGNESIUM SULFATE

113
Q

MAGNESIUM SULFATE PILLS

DILUENT

A

HARD SOAP

114
Q

MAGNESIUM SULFATE PILLS

MOISTENING AGENT

A

PURIFIED WATER

115
Q

SUPPOSITORIES

method od preparation for glycerin base

A

FUSION

116
Q

SYNONYMS

GLYCERIN SUPPOSITORIES

A

GLYCEROL SUPPOSITORIES

117
Q

LATIN NAME

GLYCERIN SUPPOSITORIES

A

SUPPOSITORIA GLYCERINI

118
Q

USE/S

GLYCERIN SUPPOSITORIES

A

LAXATIVE

119
Q

METHOD OF PREPARATION

GLYCERIN SUPPOSITORIES

A

MELT MOLDING

120
Q

GLYCERIN SUPPOSITORIES

API

A

GLYCERIN

121
Q

GLYCERIN SUPPOSITORIES

STIFFENING AGENT

A

SODIUM CARBONATE
STEARIC ACID

122
Q

GLYCERIN SUPPOSITORIES

SOLVENT

A

DISTILLED WATER

DOSAGE FORMS LAB (2 decks)

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