solutions

Question 1

solution

Answer 1

a type of homogenous mixture composed of 2 or more substances

Question 2

solubility of a substance

Answer 2

the amount of substance that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent

Question 3

what does solubility quantify?

Answer 3

the dynamic equilibrium state is achieved when the rate of dissolution equals the rate of precipitation

Question 4

why does a solution form?

Answer 4

because of entropy

Question 5

entropy

Answer 5

the pervasive tendency for energy to spread out, or disperse whenever it is not restrained from doing so: reason why ideal gases mix

Question 6

what are the different forces that can favor/ prevent the process

Answer 6

dispersion
dipole-dipole
hydrogen bond
ion dipole

Question 7

what are the interactions within a solution

Answer 7

solvent-solute interactions
solvent-solvent interactions
solute-solute interactions

Question 8

solution forms

Answer 8

solvent-solute interactions> solvent-solvent and solute-solute interactions

solvent-solute interactions = solvent-solvent and solute-solute interactions

Question 9

the solution may/may not form depending on the relative disparity

Answer 9

solvent-solute interactions < solvent-solvent and solute-solute interactions

Question 10

what do we use to dissolve something nonpolar?

Answer 10

soap molecules are used. the nonpolar chain of the soap molecule will surround the dirt and we get a sphere of soap molecules surrounding the dirt molecules.

Question 11

how do we separate compounds that are polar from nonpolar?

Answer 11

we utilize their different solubility in different solvents

Question 12

factors that affect solubility

Answer 12

1. pressure (only for gasses)
2. temperature

Question 13

henry’s law

Answer 13

the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure above the liquid at a defined temp

Question 14

henry’s law equation

Answer 14

Sgas = kH Pgas

Question 15

henry’s law and scuba diving

Answer 15

we have a higher pressure so there is higher solubility of air into our blood. when we go up is released very quickly bc of the pressure drop. when it is released very quickly it can form bubbles and can cause arterial gas embolism-> can be lethal

Question 16

is the dissolution of most gases exothermic or endothermic?

Answer 16

exothermic

Question 17

is the dissolution of solids in liquids exothermic or endothermic?

Answer 17

endothermic

Question 18

equation for molarity

Answer 18

molarity= amount solute/ volume solution (the total solution)

Question 19

equation for mole fraction

Answer 19

amount solute (mol)/ mass solvent (kg)

Question 20

the equation for parts by mass

Answer 20

mass solute/ mass solution x multiplication factor

Question 21

ppm multiplication factor

Answer 21

10^6

Question 22

percentage per mass factor

Answer 22

100

Question 23

parts per billion factor

Answer 23

10^9

Question 24

the equation for the parts by volume

Answer 24

volume solute/ volume solution x multiplication factor

Question 25

what is the conc used in medicine

Answer 25

mg/dL

Question 26

concentration of dilution

Answer 26

m1v1 = m2v2 v2= initial + added

Question 27

colligative properties

Answer 27

do not depend on the nature of the solvent or solute, depend only on the relative concentration of the two

Question 28

osmosis

Answer 28

the flow of water from a solution of lower solute conc to one of a higher solute conc across a partially permeable membrane

Question 29

osmotic pressure

Answer 29

pressure required to stop the osmotic flow

Question 30

what happens when RBCs are placed in isosmotic solution

Answer 30

normal shape

Question 31

what happens when RBCs are placed in hyperosmotic solution

Answer 31

they lose water and shrivel

Question 32

what happens when RBCs are placed in hypoosmotic solution

Answer 32

they swell up and may burst as water flows into the cell

Question 33

reverse osmosis

Answer 33

pushes water from the higher solute conc to the lower solute conc.: place a pressure greater than the osmotic pressure

Question 34

reverse osmosis as a water purification process

Answer 34

it uses a partially permeable membrane to remove ions, unwanted molecules, and larger particles from drinking water