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X Physiology 1A > Solute Transport > Flashcards

Solute Transport Flashcards

1
Q

How are the phospholipids arranged in the phospholipid bilayer of cells?

A

with hydrophopic heads facing out of the membrane on both sides

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2
Q

What 2 types of proteins are found in the phospholipid bilayer?

A

extrinsic and intrinsic

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3
Q

What do intrinsic proteins act as?

A

pumps and ion channels

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4
Q

What is membrane fluidity regulated by?

A

cholesterol

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5
Q

What is the function of glycoproteins and glycolipids in the phospholipid bilayer?

A

identify the cell as part of the body rather than something foreign

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6
Q

By what process do substances move down a concentration gradient?

A

diffusion

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7
Q

What energy does diffusion use?

A

the kinetic energy of the solute particles

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8
Q

What type of gradient do charged particles move down?

A

electrochemical gradient

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9
Q

What are the two types of diffusion?

A

simple and facilitated

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10
Q

What is the difference between simple and facilitated diffusion?

A

simple uses no transport protein and facilitated requires a transport protein

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11
Q

What law does the rate of diffusion depend on?

A

Ficks law

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12
Q

What energy source does active transport use?

A

ATP

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13
Q

What gradient is solute often moved against during active transport?

A

concentration or electrochemical

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14
Q

What are the two types of active transport?

A

primary and secondary

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15
Q

What does primary active transport involve?

A

transport directly using ATP

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16
Q

what does secondary transport involve?

A

transport indirectly using ATP

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17
Q

What are the two ways solutes can be transported during secondary transport?

A

counter transport and co transport

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18
Q

What is involved in counter transport?

A

2 solutes are pumped across the membrane in opposite directions

19
Q

What is involved in co transport?

A

2 solutes pumped across the membrane in the same direction

20
Q

How can diffusion rates be increased?

A

increase in temprature, larger area for diffusion, larger concentration gradient, smaller thickness of gradient

21
Q

Over what distances does diffusion occur rapidly?

A

microscopic

22
Q

How many millimetres are there in a micron?

A

1000 mm

23
Q

how quickly will diffusion occur over 1 micron?

A

0.0005 seconds

24
Q

How quickly does diffusion occur over 1000 micron (1mm)?

A

498 seconds

25
Q

What effect has the length of time for diffusion had on the evolution of mammalian bodies?

A

evolved bulk transport systems

26
Q

What does facilitated diffusion require?

A

a transporter protein

27
Q

What energy does facilitated diffusion use?

A

kinetic energy of solute particles

28
Q

Why does the rate of facilitated diffusion tail off?

A

encounter rate limiting factor, transporter protiens are all in use so diffusion cannot happen any faster

29
Q

What is the flattening of the facilitated diffusion rate known as?

A

saturation kenetics

30
Q

What sort of proteins are ion channels?

A

intrinsic

31
Q

What are the 3 states that ion channels can be in?

A

open, closed or inactivated

32
Q

What is the inactivation of certain ion channels known as?

A

gating

33
Q

What is the difference between specific and non specific ion channels?

A

non specific will allow any ions through whereas the specific is more selective

34
Q

What does active transport require?

A

ATP

35
Q

What is the energy from ATP used to do?

A

move solutes against the concentration gradient by phosphorylation and altering the shape of the protein

36
Q

What sort of protien channels does active transport use?

A

intrinsic proteins

37
Q

What can the process of active transport be stopped by?

A

metabolic poisons e.g. cyanide

38
Q

During active transport how many sodium ions are pumped out and how many potassium ions pumped in?

A

3 Na out and 2 K in

39
Q

What is the benefit of having ions stored against the concentration gradient as happens as a result of active transport?

A

they are a potential source of energy

40
Q

What happens during secondary active transport?

A

solute moves down an electrochemical gradient, previously put there by primary active transport therefore releasing the potential energy

41
Q

How is cotransport used during secondary active transport?

A

molecule is moved through the channel at the same time as the solute moves back down the potential gradient

42
Q

How is counter transport used during secondary active transport?

A

two solutes move in opposite directions but use primary active transport to gain energy for the movement

43
Q

How does secondary active transport use ATP?

A

indirectly sourced from primary active transport

X Physiology 1A (9 decks)

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