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X Physiology 1A > Intro to cell biology > Flashcards

Intro to cell biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ion?

A

an atom or group of atoms that has lost or gained one or more electrons

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2
Q

Are ions charged?

A

ions either have a positive or negative charge

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3
Q

Define physiology

A

the normal functions and phenomena of living organisms

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4
Q

What do physiologists view organisms as?

A

machines

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5
Q

How many cells, approximately, is the human body composed of?

A

30 billion

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6
Q

What is fluid inside cells known as?

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

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7
Q

What is fluid outside cells known as?

A

Extra cellular fluid (ECF)

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8
Q

What are the intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid seperated by?

A

the plasma membrane

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9
Q

What are the 6 properties of living cells?

A

assimilate materials from the internal environment that surrounds them
excrete waste products into the internal environment
grow
reproduce
respond to changes in their surroundings internal environments or the environment external to the body
exhibit motility

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10
Q

What is the ‘internal environment’ with regards to a cell?

A

the environment that is internal to the body but external of the cell

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11
Q

What percentage of the human body is water?

A

60%

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12
Q

What can extracellular fluid also be referred to as?

A

the internal environment

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13
Q

What two subcategories can extracellular fluid be split into?

A

intravascular fluid and interstitial fluid

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14
Q

what is interstitial fluid?

A

fluid that surrounds and bathes cells

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15
Q

What is intravascular fluid also known as?

A

plasma

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16
Q

What does mmol/L stand for?

A

millimoles per litre

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17
Q

What are the three main ions used in the body?

A

Sodium, calcium, potassium

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18
Q

What is the concentration of sodium ions in the ICF and ECF?

A

10 mmol/L and 140 mmol/L

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19
Q

What is the concentration of potassium ions in the ICF and ECF?

A

120 mmol/L and 4 mmol/L

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20
Q

What is the concentration of calcium ions in the ICF and ECF?

A

0.0001 mmol/L and 1.25 mmol/L

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21
Q

What does a difference in concentration of sodium and calcium ions cause in the cell?

A

Influx of ions into the cell down an electrochemical gradient

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22
Q

what does a difference in concentration of potassium cause in the cell?

A

an efflux of potassium ions out of the ICF to the ECF

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23
Q

Why is movement of ions down electrochemical gradients so important?

A

vital to many processes in the human body

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24
Q

what does the movement of sodium and potassium ions affect?

A

nerve impulses and action potential

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25
Q

What does the movement of calcium into ICF cause?

A

contraction of cardiac and skeletal muscles

26
Q

what can the internal environment also be known as?

A

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

27
Q

What condition must be met for humans to survive in such a variety of different areas?

A

provided their internal environment remains the same

28
Q

Give 5 important properties of the internal environment (ECF)

A

temperature, pH, osmolarity, oxygen level, glucose concentration

29
Q

How are the properties of the internal environment regulated?

A

by homeostatic mechanisms

30
Q

What does homeostasis mean?

A

staying the same or simular

31
Q

What sort of feedback does a homeostatic mechanism use?

A

negative

32
Q

What happens during negative feedback in a homeostatic mechanism?

A

receptors or sensors monitor the variable (eg body temp), this information is sent to the processor (integrating centre) and compared against a set point or target. If there is a significant difference between the set point and the measured variable (eg person is too hot) effector mechanisms attempt to restore controlled variable to set point.

33
Q

What is a change in core body temperature detected by?

A

central thermoreceptors

34
Q

Where are thermoreceptors located?

A

in the hypothalamus

35
Q

What effector mechanisms can be used to cool core body temp?

A

sweating and cutaneous vasodilation

36
Q

What effect should the cooling effector mechanisms have?

A

cooling body temperature to set point

37
Q

What effector mechanisms can be used to raise body temperature?

A

shivering, cutaneous vasoconstriction and piloerection (goosebumps)

38
Q

What do baroreceptors do?

A

monitor pressure

39
Q

Where are baroreceptors used to monitor blood pressure located?

A

Carotid sinus and aortic arch

40
Q

What is the set point for mean arterial blood pressure?

A

~93 mmHg

41
Q

What effector mechanisms are used to alter blood pressure if it is outside the set point?

A

Adjustments to the volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute (cardiac output) and the resistance of the peripheral circulation (total peripheral resistance)

42
Q

What receptors monitor partial pressure of CO2 in the bloodstream?

A

chemoreceptors

43
Q

where are chemoreceptors located?

A

Brainstem

44
Q

What is the set point for partial pressure of CO2 in the blood stream?

A

38-42 mmHg

45
Q

What is the set point for core body temperature in humans?

A

37.7 celcius

46
Q

Where are ribosomes located in the cell?

A

On the rough endoplasmic reticulum

47
Q

What are ribosomes formed of?

A

RNA and protein

48
Q

What are ribosomes involved with?

A

Protein synthesis

49
Q

What structure is endoplasmic reticulum joined to?

A

Nuclear envelope

50
Q

What are the 2 forms of endoplasmic reticulum and what are their functions?

A

Rough: proteins are synthesised and modified. Smooth: lipid biosynthesis and drug betoxification

51
Q

How is the nucleus joined to endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Nuclear envelope

52
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

DNA

53
Q

What happens in the nucleolus?

A

Site of most RNA synthesis

54
Q

What are the 4 types of protein found on the plasma membrane?

A

Transporter, anchors, receptors, enzymes

55
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Sorts proteins and ensures they are delivered to the right place

56
Q

What are perioxisomes and lysosomes involved in?

A

Perioxisomes: oxidative enzymes, lysosomes: hydrolytic enzymes for degradation of protein

57
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Fuel oxidation, O2 consumption, ATP generation

58
Q

What type of filament is involved in cell movement?

A

Actin

59
Q

What matrix helps cells to move forwards?

A

Extra cellular

60
Q

What structures help with the direction of cell travel?

A

Microtubules

61
Q

What are the only cells in the skin that are able to continuously divide?

A

Basal cells

62
Q

What layer of the cells do the basal cells remain in?

A

Basal layer

X Physiology 1A (9 decks)

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