Solubility & Distribution Phenomena

Question 1

Concentration of solute in a saturated solution at a certain temperature

Answer 1

Quantitatively

Question 2

Spontaneous interaction of two or more substances to form a homogenous molecular dispersion

Answer 2

Qualitatively

Question 3

Are homogenous mixtures of two or more pure substances

Answer 3

Solutions

Question 4

In this solution, the solvent holds as much solute as is possible at that temperature

Answer 4

Saturated

Question 5

In this solution, there is less solute that can dissolve in the solvent at that temperature is dissolved in the solvent

Answer 5

Unsaturated

Question 6

In this solution, the solvent holds more solute than is normally possible at that temperature

Answer 6

Supersaturated

Question 7

Unit of electrolyte concentration

Answer 7

Milliequivalent

Question 8

Unit to measure osmolarity

Answer 8

Milliosmole

Question 9

Milliosmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent

Answer 9

Osmolality

Question 10

Meaning of ‘ton’

Answer 10

Strength

Question 11

Ability of a solution to change the size and shape of cells by altering the amount of water they contain

Answer 11

Tonicity

Question 12

Solution that contains more nondiffusible solutes than there are inside the cells

Answer 12

Hypertonic

Question 13

Result of hypertonic solution

Answer 13

Crenation of the cell

Question 14

Solution that contains nondiffusible solutes compared to cell concentrations

Answer 14

Hypotonic

Question 15

Result of hypotonic solution

Answer 15

Lysis of the cell

Question 16

Solution that contains the same solute and water concentrations as cells

Answer 16

Isotonic

Question 17

Class where NaCl or some other solute is added to the solution of the drug to make it isotonic with body fluids

Answer 17

Class I

Question 18

2 methods of adjusting isotonicity under Class I

Answer 18

Cryoscopic method/NaCl equivalent method

Question 19

Molal freezing point constant - Cryoscopic method

Answer 19

-1.86°C

Question 20

Freezing point of body fluids - Cryoscopic method

Answer 20

-0.52°C

Question 21

Freezing point depression - Cryoscopic method

Answer 21

0.52°C

Question 22

Amount of NaCl that is equivalent to 1 gram of drug

Answer 22

NaCl equivalent (E)

Question 23

Class where distilled water is added to the drug in a sufficient amount to make an isotonic solution

Answer 23

Class II

Question 24

2 methods of adjusting isotonicity under Class II

Answer 24

White-Vincent method, Sprowl’s method

Question 25

Solution in which there is no change in the properties of the components where they are mixed to form the solution

Answer 25

Ideal solution

Question 26

2 types of solute

Answer 26

Electrolytes, Non-electrolytes

Question 27

Solute that forms ions in solution; conducts electric current

Answer 27

Electrolytes

Question 28

Solutes that do not form ions in solution; do not conduct electric current

Answer 28

Non-electrolytes

Question 29

2 types of electrolytes

Answer 29

Strong electrolytes, Weak electrolytes

Question 30

Electrolytes that completely ionize in solution

Answer 30

Strong electrolytes

Question 31

Electrolytes that are partially ionized in solution

Answer 31

Weak electrolytes

Question 32

Properties of solution which depend on the number of particles in a solution

Answer 32

Colligative properties

Question 33

Found that a dissolved solute lowers the vapor pressure of the solvent

Answer 33

FM Raoult

Question 34

States that the partial pressure exerted by solvent vapor above an ideal solution, PA, is the product of the mole fraction of solvent solution, XA, and the vapor pressure of the pure solvent at the given temperature, PoA

Answer 34

Raoult’s law

Question 35

The pressure at which equilibrium is established between the molecules of A in the liquid state and the molecules of A in the gaseous state in a closed, evacuated container

Answer 35

Vapor pressure

Question 36

Is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the external atmospheric pressure

Answer 36

Normal boiling point

Question 37

Is the temperature at which the solid and liquid phases are in equilibrium under an external pressure of 1 atm

Answer 37

Normal freezing point

Question 38

Is defined as the spontaneous net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower water concentration

Answer 38

Osmosis

Question 39

Is the pressure required to offset the movement from a dilute aqueous solution to a more concentrated one

Answer 39

Osmotic pressure

Question 40

Movement of molecules from one phase to another

Answer 40

Partitioning

Question 41

Is the ratio of concentrations of a compound in a mixture of two immiscible phases at equilibrium

Answer 41

Partition coefficient

Question 42

Partition coefficient often used in formulation development

Answer 42

Octanol:water

Question 43

Law that states that a solute will distribute itself between two immiscible solvents so that the ratio of its concentration in each solvent is equal to the ratio of its solubility in each one

Answer 43

Nernst distribution law

Question 44

Law that serves as the basis of extraction as a method of separation

Answer 44

Distribution law