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Fundamentals of Engineering > Solid and Hazardous Waste > Flashcards

Solid and Hazardous Waste Flashcards

1
Q

Municipal solid waste (MSW)

A

solid waste from residential, commercial, institutional, construction, demolition, and municipal services

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2
Q

Field capacity

A

maximum amount of water that can be retained by waste placed in a landfill

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3
Q

Oxygen bomb calorimeter

A

small sample of waste placed in container and submersed in water bath- sample is combusted, causing temperature of water to increase

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4
Q

Heat of vaporization

A

energy required to transform a substance from its liquid to vapor form

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5
Q

Heat of fusion

A

energy required to transform a substance from its solid to liquid form

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6
Q

APC residue

A

particulate matter (usually flyash and scrubber byproducts like CaSO3) collected in air pollution control

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7
Q

Bottom ash

A

partially-oxidized organic matter in combustion chamber that is quenched

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8
Q

Pyrolysis

A

heating waste to high temperatures in the absence of oxygen (results in gases like hydrogen, methane, and CO2, tar/oil stream which can be used for fuel, and char)

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9
Q

Gasification

A

Oxygen is used to partially combust waste, producing combustible fuel gas

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10
Q

Microorganisms used in composting rely on adequate…

A

… carbon content, nutrients, moisture, oxygen, particle size distribution, and termperature

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11
Q

Phase I of stabilization (lag phase)

A

moisture accumulates, oxygen is consumed

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12
Q

Phase II of stabilization

A

field capacity is exceeded, microbial processes shift to anaerobic, VOAs and COD increase in leachate

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13
Q

Phase III of stabilization

A

acidogenic bacteria convert VOAs, lowering pH and solubilizing metal species from waste into leachate

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14
Q

Phase IV of stabilization

A

methanogenic bacteria convert acid compounds to methane and carbon dioxide gas

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15
Q

Phase V of stabilization

A

biodegradable matter and nutrients become limiting, landfill gas production slows

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16
Q

Composite liner

A

natural material on bottom (high clay content) and synthetic material on top (high density polyethylene or polypropylene)

17
Q

Leachate

A

liquid that has passed through liners containing dissolved, suspended, or immiscible materials removed from solid waste

18
Q

The rate of leakage of leachate is directly related to…

A

… the head of leachate over landfill liner

19
Q

Landfill gas is approximately…

A

… 50% methane, 50% carbon dioxide

20
Q

Landfill settlement

A

loss of mass from outgassing and compaction from overburden pressure results in settling of landfill

21
Q

A waste can be classified as hazardous if it meets one of the following characteristics

A

ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, toxicity

22
Q

Photolysis

A

the breaking of chemical bonds by UV light

23
Q

Extraction

A

separates hazardous constituents by means of settling, filtration, adsorption, absorption

24
Q

Neutralization

A

adding acids/bases to corrosive waste streams

25
Q

Air stripping

A

contaminant is transferred from liquid to gaseous phase`

26
Q

The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)

A

Superfund (1980) established prohibitions and requirements concerning closed and abandoned hazardous waste sites, liability of persons responsible for release of hazardous waste at these sites, established a trust fund to provide for cleanup when no responsible party is identified

27
Q

Superfund process

A

Site discovery, preliminary assessment/site inspection, HRS scoring, NPL site listing process, remedial investigation/feasibility study, record of decision, remedial design/action, construction completion, postconstruction completion

28
Q

Bioventing

A

low airflow rates supplied to sustain microbiological activity in the vadose zone

29
Q

Phytoremediation

A

process which uses plants to remove, transfer, stabilize and destroy contaminants in soil and sediment via plants

30
Q

Brownfields

A

property whose development/expansion/redevelopment is complicated by the presence of hazardous substances

Fundamentals of Engineering (9 decks)

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