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geography > soil conserving > Flashcards

soil conserving Flashcards

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1
Q

What Is the physical structure of soil

A

Parent Material and organic material

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2
Q

Soil consists of four main parts what are they and what percentage of soil do they make up

A

Air -25%
Mineral grains- 45%
Organic matter -5%
Water-25%

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3
Q

How is sand formed

A

As rock surfaces weather and erode, small particles of sand are formed

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4
Q

How is silt formed

A

When the particles enter the water system

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5
Q

How is clay formed

A

If the particles are transported to a moist climate

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6
Q

Plants need what around their roots in order to thrive

A

Air

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7
Q

What do the plants need that’s in the air

A

Carbon dioxide

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8
Q

What happens when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water

A

It creates carbonic acid

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9
Q

What does water do to soil

A

It dissolves the nutrients in the soil so that the roots can absorb them

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10
Q

What does soil do

A
  • filters water
  • decomposes waste
  • stores heat
  • exchanges gasses
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11
Q

Half the volume of soil is what

A

Pore space

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12
Q

What are the techniques recommended to conserve soil

A

1) lengthen crop rotations by adding high residue crops
2) use cover crops when possible
3) reduce tillage (continuous no till)
4) rotate livestock among pastures
5) use mulch anywhere you have bare soil

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13
Q

What is shelter Belts

A

Are 3 lines of trees that are planted around edges of a field to prevent wind from blowing soil away

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14
Q

What are some advantages of shelter belts

A
  • very easy
  • inexpensive
  • basically one full step until process is completed
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15
Q

What are some disadvantages of shelter belts

A

No main disadvantages

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16
Q

What is zero tillage

A

When machines are not taken onto the fields unless absolutely necessary.

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17
Q

Advantages of no tillage

A
  • soil isn’t pressed down

- save money on gas

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18
Q

Disadvantages of zero tillage

A

The stubble may stop seeds from directly into soil

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19
Q

What Is crop rotation

A

Putting different crops on your field each year so you don’t have the same field 2 Years in a row

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20
Q

Advantages of crop rotation

A
  • nutrients can build back up

- makes soil last longer

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21
Q

Disadvantages of crop rotation

A

-not all crops are a high price so it hurts farmers profits

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22
Q

What is strip farming

A

Playing different crops in rows in the same field, all crops should be at right angle against the wind

23
Q

Advantages of strip farming

A
  • soil lasts longer

- by planting by the right angle to roots, it holds soil in the right place

24
Q

Disadvantages of strip farming

A

Way more difficult to harvest the crops b/c you cannot mix them

25
Q

What is irrigation

A

Watering plants with special sprayers so more food can be grown in drier places

26
Q

advantages of irrigation

A

more food grows

27
Q

disadvantages of irrigation

A

costs a lot

uses up fresh water

28
Q

what is the technique of use of specialty farm equipment

A

the use of special farming equipment that don’t cause as much damage to the soil

29
Q

advantages of specialty farming equipment

A
  • cuts weeds and grass without disturbing soil

- soil doesn’t get as impacted

30
Q

disadvantages of specialty farming equipment

A

tools are expensive

31
Q

most cereal crops need at least how much topsoil

A

18cm

32
Q

how much topsoil do vegetables need

A

25-30cm

33
Q

T or F, soil renews itself

A

true

34
Q

in areas with moderate temperatures and moderate precipitation, how many years does it take to build 2.5 cm of soil

A

500 years

35
Q

in hot, dry places, how many years does it take to build soil

A

2000 years

36
Q

if the parent material is iron what colour can we expect the soil to be

A

reddish

37
Q

if the parent material is calcium what colour can we expect the soil to be

A

whitish

38
Q

what are some of the problems in agriculture

A 
mechanization
aging population
start-up costs
erosion and soil damage
urbanization
39
Q

why is soil formed in layers

A

the particles that make up soil are deposited at different times and from different places.

40
Q

what do we call these soil layers

A

horizons

41
Q

what are the 5 horizons

A 
O horizon
A horizon
B horizon
C horizon
D horizon
42
Q

what is the o horizon

A

organic material that gathers on top of the soil layers

43
Q

what is the A horizon also called

A

topsoil

44
Q

ideally how deep is the A Horizon

A

18cm

45
Q

what is the B horizon also called

A

Subsoil

46
Q

what is the B horizon

A

an accumulation of finely weathered material that have washed down from the A horizon

47
Q

what does the B horizon act as

A

a storehouse of nutrients for the A horizon

48
Q

what is the C horizon also called

A

Regolith

49
Q

what is the D horizon also called

A

bedrock

50
Q

what is the D horizon

A

the solid foundation on which all the other layers sit.

51
Q

what is salination (calcification)

A

the accumulation of soil salts in the topsoil as heat evaporates the moisture out of the soil

52
Q

what is capillary action

A

as surface water evaporates it is replaced by water further down in the soil profile
-nutrients can move upward

53
Q

what is leaching

A

the process by which mineral salts in the upper horizons are moved downwards

geography (7 decks)

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