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Natural resources Flashcards

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1
Q

what percent of coniferous forest does Canada have?

A

68%

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2
Q

what percent of deciduous forest does Canada have?

A

22%

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3
Q

what percent of mix forest does Canada have?

A

15%

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4
Q

what is the largest type of forest in Canada?

A

boreal forest

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5
Q

which type of wood is boreal forests mostly made of?

A

coniferous (softwood)

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6
Q

In the boreal forests how does the climate affect the growth of the trees

A

the trees grow slowly

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7
Q

What are boreal forest trees used for?

A

pulp and paper

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8
Q

How are trees affected in the taiga forest by climate?

A

the trees are quite small due to the climate and the permafrost

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9
Q

what type of trees are in the taiga forests?

A

mostly coniferous trees with some deciduous

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10
Q

Because of the small growth in trees in the taiga forests it makes the trees inaccessible for…..

A

logging

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11
Q

What is Canada’s most productive forest?

A

West Coast Forest

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12
Q

How does the Climate affect the trees in the West Coast forests?

A

the abundance of rain and moderate temperatures allow for trees to grow large

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13
Q

What types of trees are in the south, North in the mixed forests?

A

coniferous In the north, and deciduous in the south

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14
Q

Where does Canada’s maple syrup come from

A

the mixed forests

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15
Q

softwoods are…..

A

coniferous trees

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16
Q

hardwoods are….

A

deciduous trees

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17
Q

softwood are used for?

A

pulp&paper products, shingles,

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18
Q

examples of softwood are?

A

fir, pine, spruce, cedar

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19
Q

hardwoods are used for?

A

construction, flooring, and furniture

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20
Q

examples of hardwood are?

A

oak, maple, birch, walnut,

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21
Q

What are commercial forests?

A

Have trees that are used for industrial use, also can be harvested efficiently-both in time and money

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22
Q

What are non-commercial forests?

A

are forests that are unlikely to be cut down for industrial use

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23
Q

What is clear cutting?

A

The removal of all trees suitable for logging in an area. the leftover stumps, brushwood, and weeds are removed by prescribed burning.

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24
Q

advantages of clear-cutting

A

cheapest, most efficient

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25
Q

disadvantages of clear-cutting

A

replanted by man, severe, erosion, habitat loss

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26
Q

what percentage of forest removal is done by clear-cutting?

A

88%

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27
Q

what is seed tree cutting?

A

the removal of all but few trees in an area. these trees create seeds that grow into new trees

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28
Q

What is selective cutting? (high grading)

A

The removal of small patches of large trees to a create space for smaller trees to grow

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29
Q

advantage of selective cutting?

A

certain species do better

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30
Q

disadvantage of selective cutting?

A

too time consuming

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31
Q

What is shelterwood cutting?

A

The removal of all trees in rows. This way of cutting is used for trees that need shade to grow.

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32
Q

What is patch-logging?

A

The removal of trees in a checkerboard pattern, where only the “black patches” are clear cut.

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33
Q

What are the advantages of patch-logging?

A

naturally reforested

34
Q

What are the disadvantages of patch-logging?

A

higher costs due to extra roads

35
Q

what is deforestation?

A

complete clearing of tree formations without reforestation

36
Q

what are two way of reforestation?

A

natural regeneration and artificial regeneration

37
Q

what is the AAC

A

Annual allowable cut, the yearly amount of trees that can be cut down without damaging the ability of the forest to regrow.

38
Q

what is a mineral?

A

a naturally occurring, pure, non-living substance found in the rocks of the earth.

39
Q

what are the three categories of minerals?

A

metallic, industrial, and fossil fuels.

40
Q

what are fossil fuel minerals?

A

remnants of biotic material.

41
Q

what is an ore mixture?

A

minerals mixed with another compound or mineral

42
Q

what does ore contain that makes mining profitable?

A

metallic minerals

43
Q

how are minerals located?

A

1) a magnometer generates a magnetic field that ore responds to
2) once a spot is located geologists drill core samples
3) using that method they can locate the edges of the reserve.

44
Q

what do satellites do in mining

A

give satellite images that give geologists clues about the surface features of the area.
they also create thermal images which various minerals respond to.

45
Q

where are most mines located?

A

remote areas ( deserted, not urban)

46
Q

when the ore body is near the surface what type of mining might be chosen?

A

strip mining or open-pit mining.

47
Q

when the ore body is deep beneath the surface what type of mining might be chosen?

A

underground mining or shaft mining.

48
Q

with increasing technology what does it enable us to do?

A

gives us the ability to extract deposits more efficiently

49
Q

what happens in strip mining?

A

the overburden is removed, ore is shovelled onto trucks or conveyor belts, the ore is removed for processing

50
Q

how is open pit mining similar to strip mining?

A

the overburden is still removed but extends downward rather than outward

51
Q

what happens in open-pit mining?

A

overburden is removed, explosives blast apart the ore, the ore is put onto tracks and trucked out of the mine for processing

52
Q

what is the largest open-pit mine?

A

Bingham canyon mine, more than 1.2km deep and 4km wide

53
Q

what happens in underground/shaft mining?

A

a shaft is sunk into the earth at the edges of the ore body, levels (horizontal tunnels) are dug into the ore, the rock in the levels is blasted apart, the leftover rubble (muck) is transported to an ore pass where is falls into a crusher where it is crushed, it is then funnelled down another ore pass into a skip where it is brought up to the surface for processing.

54
Q

before metallic mineral becomes useful it needs to be….

A

purified

55
Q

what is miling?

A

it separates the mineral from the majority of the waste, processing the ore into concentrates

56
Q

what is smelting?

A

involves heating the remainder of the mineral until the metals separate from the concentrates

57
Q

what is produced after mineral processing

A

waste material called tailings

58
Q

what is tailings a mixture of?

A

water, chemicals, and rock particles

59
Q

how much of the world’s cesium does Manitoba contain

A

2/3

60
Q

what is hydroelectric power?

A

harness the natural flow of water in rivers and processes it into the electricity that powers our homes and cities

61
Q

how is hydro renewable

A

its energy harvested from natural resources that can be replaced naturally at a rate that is sustainable

62
Q

how is hydro clean?

A

it produces no air pollutants and gives off very low greenhouse gas emissions

63
Q

how is hydro reliable

A

companies look at past records of water flow and levels in the area to ensure that, even at the record lows, there will be enough water to generate electricity at any given location

64
Q

what are the two factors that determine the amount of energy produced?

A

volume of water

speed of water flow

65
Q

what is crude oil also known as?

A

petroleum

66
Q

what is petroleum made of?

A

liquid made up of hydrocarbons with some organic compounds, and small amounts of metals.

67
Q

1 barrel of oil is how many litres?

A

160L

68
Q

what are oil sands a mixture of?

A

sand, clay, water, and bitumen

69
Q

how are oil sands mined

A

81% in-situ

19% open pit

70
Q

bitumen is extremely _____

A

viscous

71
Q

in order for bitumen to flow it must….

A

be diluted or heated

72
Q

bitumen contains what impurities?

A

nitrogen, sulphur, and metals

73
Q

what is conventional extracting also called

A

fracking

74
Q

T/F conventional works in oil sands

A

false

75
Q

what are three ways of extracting oil and gas

A

conventional, open pit (mining method), and in-situ

76
Q

what is conventional oil?

A

oil that is in liquid form and can be brought to the surface without additional pressure being put on it.

77
Q

when is in-situ used?

A

used when oil sands are deeper than 75m

78
Q

what happens in steam assisted gravity drainage

A

two wells are drilled, one higher than the other. steam is pushed into the top of the well, which increases the temperature of the bitumen which causes it to flow into the lower well where it can be pumped out

79
Q

what is hydraulic fracturing

A

water, sand, and chemicals are pumped down into the ground to create cracks, the sand ensures that the cracks stay open. the water is then pumped out and oil or gas can be extracted

80
Q

how is the release of gases into the air controlled?

A

gas flaring

81
Q

what happens in gas flaring

A

burns gas and releases water and C02

geography (7 decks)

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