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Apes > Soil! > Flashcards

Soil! Flashcards

1
Q

Biosphere

A

consists of several physical layers that contain:

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2
Q

Renewable

A

just know it

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3
Q

Non-renewable

A

just know it

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4
Q

Mature soil

A

soil that have developed over a long time

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5
Q

Parent material

A

the rock and minerals from which the soil is made

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6
Q

Topography

A

physical characteristics of the location where the soil is formed

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7
Q

Topsoil

A

a-horizon can take 200 to 1000 years to form

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8
Q

Water-holding capacity

A

fertilizers help improve it

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9
Q

Erosion

A

movement of weathered rock or soil components from one place to another
caused by flowing water wind and human activity
-destroys soil profile and water-holding capacity

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10
Q

Weathering

A

can happen physically

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11
Q

Oxygen capacity

A

capacity of oxygen

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12
Q

Evaporation

A

how water returns to atmosphere from water stores

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13
Q

Transpiration

A

transpiration from plants happens after evaporation

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14
Q

Precipitation

A

water returns to earth’s surface

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15
Q

Consumption

A

sulfur taken up by plants from soil and past through because of this

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16
Q

Decomposition

A

sulfur taken up by plants from soil and past through because of this

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17
Q

Photosynthesis

A

how carbon enters biosphere (6CO2+6H2O arrow C6H12O6+6O2)

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18
Q

Cellular respiration

A

how carbon is returned to atmosphere

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19
Q

Fossil fuel

A

know what it is

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20
Q

Deforestation

A

know what it is

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21
Q

Ammonia

A

n2 from atmosphere converted in to this (NH) or nitrate ions(NO3-) because energy is released in lightning

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22
Q

Ammonium

A

happens from nitrification

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23
Q

Nitrates

A

what’s formed from nitrification

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24
Q

Nitrites

A

ammonia converted into nitrites because of nitrification

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25
Q

Legume

A

what certain kinds of bacteria is associated with in some kinds of soil

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26
Q

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

A

atmospheric nitrogen gas, which is almost inert, into solid nitrogen compounds that can then be absorbed by plants.

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27
Q

Nitrification

A

process by which ammonia (NH3) is converted into nitrites (NO2-)and nitrates(NO3-)-the forms useable by plants

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28
Q

Assimilation

A

process in which NO-2 and NO-3 are taken up by plant roots and utilized to produce proteins and DNA

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29
Q

Ammonification

A

decomposing bacteria convert dead organisms and other waste to ammonia (NH3)or ammonium ions (NH4+) which can be reused by plants

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30
Q

Denitrification

A

N released from soil by bacteria as N2 back into the atmosphere
bacteria primarily in the sediments of aquatic zones such as lakes,oceans,swamps,estuaries,and bigs,convert ammonia and ammonium ions into nitrogen gas(N2) and nitrous oxide(N2O) a greenhouse gas

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31
Q

Phosphate

A

form of phosphorous

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32
Q

erosion

A

movement of weathered rock or soil components from one place to another

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33
Q

geology

A

study of earth

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34
Q

igneous rock

A

formed when rock is melted( by heat and pressure below the crust) into a liquid and re-solidifies

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35
Q

metamorphic rock

A

subject to heat and pressure from tectonic activity

-slate and marble

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36
Q

mineral

A

solid inorganic components

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37
Q

mineral resource

A

concentration of naturally occurring material in or on earth’s crust that can be extracted and processed into useful materials at an affordable cost

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38
Q

rock

A

natural substance, a solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids. For example, granite, a common rock, is a combination of the minerals quartz, feldspar and biotite. The Earth’s outer solid layer, the lithosphere, is made of rock.

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39
Q

rock cycle

A 
rocks recycled in earth's tectonic plates
3 main categories of rocks
-metamorphic
-igneous
-sedimentary
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40
Q

sedimentary rock

A

formed as sediment(eroded rocks and plant and animal remains) builds up and is compressed
ex.sandstone,shale and limestone

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41
Q

biogeochemical cycle

A

the continuous renewal cycles of various nutrients for living organisms

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42
Q

carbon cycle

A

cycles through biosphere, hydrosphere,atmosphere, and geosphere
enters bio sphere through photosynthesis

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43
Q

fossil fuel

A

oil,natural gas,coal

44
Q

humus

A

sand and granular substance

45
Q

hydrologic cycle

A

water cycle powered by sun which leads to evaporation,precipitation and transpiration
helps distribute and purify earth’s vital quality

46
Q

infiltration

A

downward movement of water through soil

47
Q

leaching

A

dissolving minerals and organic matter in upper layers carrying them to lower layers

48
Q

nitrogen cycle

A

78% of atmosphere

taken out by lightning and bacteria

49
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

getting nitrogen into soil
conversion by bacteria in the soil and cyanobacteria in aquatic systems, of nitrogen gas (N2) in the atmosphere into ammonia and ammonium

50
Q

nutrient

A

nutrience

51
Q

nutrient cycle

A

global recycling nutrient through earth’s air,land,water and living organisms

52
Q

percolation

A

movement and filtering of fluids through porous materials.

53
Q

permeability

A

the state or quality of a material or membrane that causes it to allow liquids or gases to pass through it.
empty space

54
Q

phosphorus cycle

A

not found in atmosphere
stored in rocks
released by weathering

55
Q

porosity

A

(of a rock or other material) having minute spaces or holes through which liquid or air may pass

56
Q

acidity/alkalinity

A

ph

57
Q

soil

A

made up of sand, silt, clay, gravel, loam

58
Q

soil horizons

A

mature soils that have developed over a long time are arranged in series of horizontal layer

59
Q

soil profile

A

what soil in area is like

60
Q

soil structure

A

Soil structure describes the arrangement of the solid parts of the soil and of the pore space located between them. It is determined by how individual soil granules clump or bind together and aggregate, and therefore, the arrangement of soil pores between them. Soil structure has a major influence on water and air movement, biological activity, root growth and seedling emergence

61
Q

peds

A

natural, relatively permanent aggregates, separated from each other by voids or natural surfaces of weakness. Peds persist through cycles of wetting and drying.

62
Q

soil consistence

A

to describe the resistance of a soil at various moisture contents to mechanical stresses or manipulations. It is commonly measured by feeling and manipulating the soil by hand or by pulling a tillage instrument through it.

63
Q

adhesion water

A

Adhesion is the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another. The forces that cause adhesion and cohesion can be divided into several types.

64
Q

cohesion water

A

component of shear strength of a rock or soil that is independent of interparticle friction. In soils, true cohesion is caused by following: Electrostatic forces in stiff overconsolidated clays (which may be lost through weathering)

65
Q

gravitational water

A

larger soil pores (macro pores) and moves down readily under the force of gravity. Water in excess of the field capacity is termed gravitational water. Gravitational water is of no use to plants because it occupies the larger pores. It reduces aeration in the soil.

66
Q

leachates

A

the specific meaning of a liquid that has dissolved or entrained environmentally harmful substances that may then enter the environment.

67
Q

water table

A

the surface where the water pressure head is equal to the atmospheric pressure

68
Q

soil compaction

A

process in which a stress applied to a soil causes densification as air is displaced from the pores between the soil grains. When stress is applied that causes densification due to water (or other liquid) being displaced from between the soil grains then consolidation, not compaction, has occurred.

69
Q

ion holding capacity

A

capacity of holding ions

70
Q

capillary action

A

ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, or even in opposition to, external forces like gravity.

71
Q

nutrient depletion

A

nutrient depleting
erosion
rainfall

72
Q

soil texture

A

determine classes for agricultural soils based on their physical texture. The classes are distinguished in the field by the “textural feel” which can be further clarified by separating the relative proportions of sand, silt and clay using grading sieves: The Particle-size distribution

73
Q

sulfur cycle

A

stored in deep oceanic deposits

released into atmosphere by weathering, undersea hydrothermal vents, and hydrogen sulfide

74
Q

water cycle

A

evaporation,precipitation,transpiration

75
Q

atmosphere

A

Membrane of air around the planet

76
Q

hydrosphere

A

all the earth’s water,liquid,ice,water vapor

77
Q

lithosphere

A

earth’s crust and upper mantle

78
Q

Dust Bowl

A

1930’s in Oklahoma,Texas,and Kansas
overuse of land destroyed soil and caused increased erosion which lead to drier conditions which resulted in more erosion(positive feedback loop)
most topsoil blown away causing mass migration of people
Grapes of Wrath . Steinbeck

79
Q

physical weathering

A

frost,wedging,glaciers

80
Q

chemical weathering

A

oxidation of rocks

81
Q

biological weathering

A

from roots

82
Q

sand

A

sedimentary material coarse,water flows through rapidly,does not hold water well

83
Q

silt

A

sedimentary material,smaller than sand and bigger than clay,highly erodible by water

84
Q

clay

A

very fine particles,compacts easily,forms dense clumps when wet,holds water well (waterlogged)

85
Q

gravel

A

coarse,rock particles

86
Q

loam

A

equal mix of sand,silt and clay,nutrient rich,holds water well but does not become water logged

87
Q

O horizon

A

surface litter; leaves and partially decomposed organic debris
-varies is depth depending on where soil is found

88
Q

A horizon

A

topsoil;organic matter(humus),living organisms,minerals

89
Q

E horizon

A

mineral horizon(loss of silicate clay, iron, or aluminum, or some combination of these, leaving a concentration of sand and silt particles.) in the upper part of the soil. Typically present only in forested areas it underlies an O or A horizon. It is a light colored, leached horizon. These horizons exhibit obliteration of all or much of the original rock structure.

90
Q

B horizon

A

subsoil;yellowish in color due to presence of iron,aluminum,humic compounds,and clay from above horizons

91
Q

C horizon

A

weathered parent material

92
Q

bedrock

A

parent material

93
Q

organic fertilizer

A

add soil nutrients and improves soil qualities

  • manure and compose
  • improves soil texture
  • adds nitrogen
  • simulates beneficial bacteria and fungi
  • improves water-holding capacity
  • helps prevent erosion
94
Q

inorganic fertilizer

A
  • doesn’t add organic material
  • decreases soil ability to hold water
  • decreases soil ability to support organisms
  • lowers oxygen in soil
  • supplies only nitrogen and phosphorous
  • requires large amounts of energy to produce transport and apply
  • releases greenhouse gasses (NO2)
95
Q

monoculture

A

the cultivation of a single crop in a given area

96
Q

row cropping

A

A row crop is a crop that can be planted in rows wide enough to allow it to be tilled or otherwise cultivated by agricultural machinery

97
Q

overgrazing

A

to over graze

98
Q

sheet erosion

A

soil moves off as a horizontal layer

99
Q

rill erosion

A

fast flowing water cuts small channels in the soil

100
Q

gully erosion

A

extreme case of rill erosion

101
Q

desertification

A

loss of native vegetation leads to increased wind erosion,reduced water availability,and increased salinity of soil

102
Q

salinization

A

water that isn’t absorbed is evaporated, leaving salts behind in the soil; crops are stunted and eventually destroyed

103
Q

waterlogging

A

saturation of soil with water;roots enveloped with water,killing roots and eventually plants

104
Q

Soil Erosion Act

A

1935

established conservation to protect the nation’s soil reserves

105
Q

Soil/Water Conservation Act

A

programs to aid landowners and users;continual evaluation of US soils,waters,and resources

106
Q

Food Security Act

A

discouraged the conversion of wetlands to agricultural lands

Apes (7 decks)

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