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Apes > Air pollution > Flashcards

Air pollution Flashcards

to pass Ap exam ; )

1
Q

primary air pollutant

A

pollutants emitted directly into the atmosphere from various sources

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2
Q

secondary air pollutant

A

formed when other primary air pollutants reacts with one another in the atmosphere

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3
Q

examples of primary air pollutant

A
  • carbon monoxide(CO)
  • Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
  • suspended particulate matter(SPM)
  • PM-2.5
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
  • Pm-10
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Sulfur dioxide(SO2)
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4
Q

examples of secondary air pollutant

A
  • sulfuric acid(H2SO4)
  • Ozone
  • sulfate salts(SO42-)
  • Peroxyacyl Notrates PAN
  • Nitric acid(HNO3)
  • Nitrate salts(NO3-)
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5
Q

photochemical smog

A

brown smog

nitrogen based

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6
Q

acid deposition-causes and effects

A

any rain snow, dust or gas with a ph less than 5.6

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7
Q

heat islands and example

A

condition caused because metropolitan areas have different surfaces which absorb and stir heat differently than natural environments do

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8
Q

temperature inversions

A

a condition in which the temperature of the atmosphere increases with altitude in contrast to the normal decreases with altitude

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9
Q

Noise pollution

A

unwanted human created sound

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10
Q

clean air act

A

law passed to reduce emissions of CO, NOx, and Sox

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11
Q

Kyoto protocol

A

agreement to reduce greenhouse gases

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12
Q

water pollution sources

A

cultural eutrophication

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13
Q

wet scrubber

A

use fine mists to trap particulate matter before they are emitted from s make stacks

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14
Q

Montreal Protocol

A

system in lace that allows companies to sell of extra pollution credits of they emit less than their designated quota

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15
Q

why are lichen useful in environmental studies?

A

they’re indicator of air pollution

they can be used to identify the source of air pollution

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16
Q

examples of VOCs

A

aerosols
paints
asbestos
dry cleaning fluids

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17
Q

Examples of SPM

A

smoke, dust, diesel soot, and asbestos

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18
Q

wet scrubbers are best at removing which kinds of air pollutants?

A

SOx

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19
Q

electrolytic precipitators are best at removing which kind of air pollutant?

A

SPM

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20
Q

electrolytic precipitators are best at removing which kind of air pollutant?

A

SPM

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21
Q

chemical reactions that form suffer-based and nitrogen based acid rain

A

sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the air. These substances can rise very high into the atmosphere, where they mix and react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form more acidic pollutants, known as acid rain

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22
Q

acid deposition

A

Sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide emissions react with water vapor in the atmosphere to form acids that return to the surface as either dry or wet deposition.

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23
Q

reducing and controlling acid deposition

A

basic concept of acid deposition control is straightforward: Reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides curbs acid deposition. if sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are not released into the atmosphere, they cannot come down as acid deposition. Installation of scrubbers in the smokestacks of coal-fired power plants and use of clean-coal technologies to burn coal without excessive emissions effectively diminish acid deposition In turn, a decrease in acid deposition prevents surface waters and soil from becoming more acidic than they already are.

primary reason for the slow recovery is probably that the past 30 or more years of acid rain have profoundly altered soil chemistry in many areas.

Nitrogen oxide emissions are harder to control than sulfur dioxide emissions because motor vehicles produce a substantial portion of nitrogen oxides. Engine improvements may reduce nitrogen oxide emissions, but as the population continues to grow, the engineering gains may be offset by an increase in the number of motor vehicles. Dramatic cuts in nitrogen oxide emissions will require a reduction in high-temperature energy generation, especially in gasoline and diesel engines.

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24
Q

how the ozone os formed

A

is produced naturally in the stratosphere when highly energetic solar radiation strikes molecules of oxygen, O2, and cause the two oxygen atoms to split apart in a process called photolysis. If a freed atom collides with another O2, it joins up, forming ozone O3.

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25
Q

how the ozone os formed

A

is produced naturally in the stratosphere when highly energetic solar radiation strikes molecules of oxygen, O2, and cause the two oxygen atoms to split apart in a process called photolysis. If a freed atom collides with another O2, it joins up, forming ozone O3.

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26
Q

how humans create 03

A

when ultraviolet light from the sun splits an oxygen molecule (O2), forming two single oxygen atoms. If a freed atom collides with an oxogen molecule, it becomes ozone.

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27
Q

how smog is produced

A

NOx, VOCs and intense UV light come into contact, a chemical reaction takes place. Ozone and particles of solids & liquids are formed producing smog

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28
Q

how smog is produced

A

NOx, VOCs and intense UV light come into contact, a chemical reaction takes place. Ozone and particles of solids & liquids are formed producing smog

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29
Q

Why were CFC’s created, how do they react with stratospheric ozone, and how long do CFC’s last?

A

CFCs and other chlorine-containing compounds released at ground level slowly drift up to the stratosphere, where UV radiation breaks them down, releasing chlorine.
The cold air causes polar stratospheric clouds to form; these clouds contain ice crystals to which chlorine and bromine adhere, making them available to destroy ozone. The sunlight catalyzes the chemical reaction in which chlorine or bromine breaks ozone molecules apart, converting them into oxygen molecules. The chemical reaction that destroys ozone does not alter the chlorine or bromine, and one chlorine or bromine atom can break down many thousands of ozone molecules. The chlorine and bromine remain in the stratosphere for many years.

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30
Q

point source of water pollution

A

water pollution that comes from a specific, identifiable source, such as a drainage pipe

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31
Q

thermal water pollution

A

altering the heat content of water

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32
Q

water pollution

A

any chemical, biological, or physical change in water quality that has a harmful effect of living organisms or makes the water unsuitable for human use

33
Q

suspended matter

A

water pollution that is too large or cannot be dissolved

34
Q

TDS

A

water quality test that measures the amount of chemicals that are mixed in the water sample

35
Q

BOD

A

water quality test that measures the amount of decompress present in the water by seeing how much oxygen gets used up over a period of a few days

36
Q

BOD

A

water quality test that measures the amount of decompress present in the water by seeing how much oxygen gets used up over a period of a few days

37
Q

coliform

A

water quality test that measures the concentration of fecal bacteria that are found in the water sample

38
Q

HAB

A

explosive growth of algae as a result of sewage and agricultural runoff into a body of water

39
Q

oxygen sag curve

A

graph that demonstrates the effect of adding pollutants on the presence of oxygen in the water

40
Q

cultural eutrophication

A

rapid acceleration of the nutrient build up process as a result of human activities

41
Q

deep well injection

A

water disposal method in which pollutants are placed into holding containers located far underneath the surface

42
Q

disinfection

A

water treatment method that uses chlorine or UV radiation to kill biological contaminants in water

43
Q

ion change

A

water treatment method that uses charged particles to remove charged contaminants

44
Q

ion change

A

water treatment method that uses charged particles to remove charged contamitants

45
Q

adsorption

A

water treatment method that uses charcoal filter to cause contaminants to stick to the surface of the filter, thus removing them from the water

46
Q

steam flushing

A

water treatment method that uses build water to help volatilize certain contaminants, thereby transferring them to a gaseous state and removing them from the water

47
Q

constructed wetlands

A

water treatment method that uses the nutrient cycling of an ecosystem to help remove contaminants*especially nitrates and phosphates in water)

48
Q

fluid vapor extraction

A

water treatment method that uses moving air to help volatilize certain contaminants, thereby transferring them to a gaseous state and removing them from the water

49
Q

aeration

A

water treatment method that uses large am aunt son oxygen to speed up the rate of decomposition by bacteria in a water sample

50
Q

UV oxidation

A

using natural sunlight as a way of killing biological contaminants in the water

51
Q

filtration

A

using sieves or other strainers to remove soil particles or dissolved materials

52
Q

bioremediation

A

using living organisms(such as bacteria) to decompose contaminants (especially phosphates and nitrates) present in water

53
Q

primary sewage treatment

A

filters out larger or undissolved contaminants from water

54
Q

sludge

A

what’s filtered out of contaminated water and is usually buried as a disposal method

55
Q

septic system

A

a common water treatment option for people living in rural areas or off the grid

56
Q

clean water act

A

U.S law established water quality standards and regulates discharge of pollutants into U.S waterways

57
Q

safe Drinking water act

A

U.S law established standards fro water purity

58
Q

treated source of non-point pollution in developed countries

A

agricultural runoff

59
Q

primary way many waterborne pathogens end up into water

A

untreated human waste

60
Q

process of cultural eutrophication

A 
1-excess nutrients(such as nitrate and phosphates) runoff into waterways
2-rapid growth of algae
3-algae die off
4-increased growth of decomposers
5-many aquatic species die off
61
Q

open dumping

A

method of disposal that entail tasking wastes to designated areas and leaving the waste on top of soil

62
Q

ocean dumping

A

method of waste disposal that entails taking water offshore and leaving the waste in the water

63
Q

landfilling

A

a method of waste disposal that entails compacting the waste and then covering it with layers of soil

64
Q

composting

A

using waste to create soil additive

65
Q

waste to energy incinerator

A

using the energy released during burning to form electricity

66
Q

remanufacturing

A

restoring worn out products to like new condition

67
Q

detoxifying

A

removing contaminants before contenting on with waste disposal

68
Q

exporting

A

shipping solid water impoverished countries and letting them deal with all of the health hazards

69
Q

law mad in result of love canal

A

CERCLA

70
Q

reason why rich people don’t live near landfills or airports

A

NIMBY

71
Q

gov’t agency that ensures the safe transport of toxic substances in the U.S

A

HAZMAT

72
Q

waste pile

A

storing toxic wastes in drums,, vaults or above ground buildings the and be inspected and corrected

73
Q

e-waste

A

waste from computers and cell phones

74
Q

plasma torch

A

passing an electrical current through to create an electric arc

75
Q

integrated waste management

A

focus to reduce generation of waste, recycle, and reuse, and dispose of wastes responsibly

76
Q

surface impoundment

A

pond, pit, or lagoon that stores hazardous wastes

77
Q

love canal prompted the promotion of which landmark piece of legislation?

A

Comprehension Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund)

78
Q

primary way the U.S disposes of solid wastes

A

landfilling

Apes (7 decks)

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