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Apes > land use > Flashcards

land use Flashcards

1
Q

Low-Input Agriculture

A

purchasing few off-farm inputs (usually fertilizers and pesticides), while increasing on-farm inputs (i.e. manures, cover crops, and especially management).

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2
Q

Low-Input Agriculture pros and cons

A

pros:conerves till
high diversity
cons:more expensive to the consumer

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3
Q

Traditional Agriculture

A

treating the soil and plants with products that are more likely than not noxious, and more likely than not synthetically produced in a laboratory

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4
Q

Traditional Agriculture pros and cons

A

better crops
habitat loss
wasteful water consumption

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5
Q

High-Input Agriculture

A

includes mechanized equipment,chemical fertilizers and pesticides

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6
Q

High-Input Agriculture

pros and cons

A

high crop yield
more requirements for farming are less and more economical
lots of pesticides that leads to pollution and disease

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7
Q

Industrialized Agriculture

A

characterized by mechanized equipment,monocultures,chemical fertilizers,pesticides

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8
Q

Industrialized Agriculture

pros and cons

A

cheap
job opportunity
morally wrong
pollutes land and air

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9
Q

Slash and Burn Agriculture

A

clear and burn a small plot-burning clears vegetation and releases nutrients into soil

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10
Q

Slash and Burn Agriculture

pros and cons

A

helpful for environment and soil
poor air quality
kills off species

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11
Q

Subsistence Agriculture

A

grown primarily for the consumption of the farmers’ family

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12
Q

Subsistence Agriculture

pros and cons

A

lower prices
crop output
can’t grow as many crops at a time

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13
Q

Organic Agriculture

A

crops are grown with the use of ecologically safe methods and without synthetic pesticides, GMOs, or inorganic fertilizers

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14
Q

Organic Agriculture pros and cons

A

conserve biodiversity
improves soil quality

time consuming
diminished productivity overtime

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15
Q

Agroforestry

A

harvestable trees or shrubs grown around crops or on pastureland

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16
Q

Agroforestry pros and cons

A

increase crop yield
energy saving
long time to reap yields

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17
Q

Alley Cropping

A

planting crops in strips with rows of trees on each side

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18
Q

Alley Cropping pros and cons

A

diversity
land quality improvement
additional labor required

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19
Q

Crop Rotation

A

planting different crops from year to year

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20
Q

Crop Rotation pros and cons

A

reduces soil erosion
diversification increase
more skill
limited growing conditions

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21
Q

Intercropping

A

grow more than one crop in the same field,usually in altering rows or sections

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22
Q

Intercropping pros and cons

A

lower soil surface evaporation
decrease soil erosion
time consuming
reduced efficiency in planting

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23
Q

Corporate Farming

A

companies that own or influence farms and agricultural practices on a large scale.

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24
Q

Corporate Farming pros and cons

A

cheapers
better quality yield
higher environmental cost
risk of being corrupted by big businesses

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25
Q

Interplanting

A

growing two different crops in the same area at the same time

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26
Q

Interplanting pros and cons

A

cheaper

one plant can pollute the other

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27
Q

Monoculture

A

mass production of one crop

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28
Q

Monoculture

pros and. cons

A

more affordable
requires pesticides
limits soil fertility

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29
Q

Low Till, No Till, Conservation Till Agriculture

A

way of growing crops or pasture from year to year without disturbing the soil through tillage. … In many agricultural regions, it can reduce or eliminate soil erosion.

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30
Q

Low Till, No Till, Conservation Till Agriculture

pros and cons

A

minimally disturbed
cheaper
fungal disease
herbicides

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31
Q

Polyvarietal Cultivation

A

planting multiple varieties of the same crop

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32
Q

Polyvarietal Cultivation

pros and cons

A

reduces weeds and disease outbreaks

difficult for farmers to contain

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33
Q

Plantation

A

commercial system for export

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34
Q

Plantation

pros and cons

A

doesn’t typically use industrial practices

pollution

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35
Q

Polyculture

A

different crops in the same space to intimidate diversity in nature

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36
Q

Polyculture

pros and cons

A 
soil fertility 
more efficient use of resources
farmers must be more knowledgeable
laborious task
more of an investment
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37
Q

Shifting Cultivation

A

area of ground is cleared of vegetation and cultivated for a few years and then abandoned for a new area until its fertility has been naturally restored.

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38
Q

Shifting Cultivation pros and cons

A

preserving soil, maintaining the culture

not efficient enough especially with our growing population, destruction of rain forests and trees

39
Q

Nomadic Herding

A

when livestock are herded in order to find fresh pastures on which to graze.

40
Q

Nomadic Herding pros and cons

A

preserves environmental quality
saves money
no surplus of product

41
Q

Feedlot

A

an area or building where livestock are fed or fattened up

42
Q

feedlot pros and cons

A

efficient
good for animals
good for reproduction rates
if not taken cared for, the pastures might not grow when spring comes

43
Q

Aquaculture

A

the rearing of aquatic animals or the cultivation of aquatic plants for food

44
Q

Aquaculture

pros and cons

A

emphasis of protecting wildlife
reduces fishing pressure
amplifies transfer of disease
deteriorates aesthetic beauty of coastline

45
Q

First Generation Pesticide

A

imple, usually very toxic chemicals which harm almost everything they come into contact with

46
Q

First Generation Pesticide pros and cons

A

replaces botanicals

does more damage than good

47
Q

Second Generation Pesticide

A

pesticides are synthetic compounds created for the intentional use as a pesticide and organism specific

48
Q

Second Generation Pesticide

pros and cons

A

less toxic than first generation pesticides

DDT which is a negative effect on humans

49
Q

Broad Spectrum Pesticide

A

pesticides that are designed to kill or manage a wide variety of organisms. Broad-spectrum pesticides are used when many different species of organisms are causing harm is unknown

50
Q

Broad Spectrum Pesticide

pros and cons

A

unwanted organisms can damage plants are eliminated

can negatively affect humans

51
Q

Narrow Spectrum Pesticide

A

that have a small coverage range are referred to as narrow-spectrum pesticides, because they are designed to kill or manage a select group of organisms

52
Q

Narrow Spectrum Pesticide pros and cons

A

doesn’t affect the whole crop and takes less pesticides because of it
bioaccumulation and biomagnification

53
Q

Biological Agent

A

is a bacterium, virus, protozoan, parasite, or fungus that can be used purposefully as a weapon in bioterrorism or biological warfare (BW)

54
Q

Biological Agent pros and cons

A

cheap and easy to make
can be used in any nation
not always effective
agents stay in environment for a long time

55
Q

Carbamate

A

affects the nervous system of pests

56
Q

Carbamate

pros and cons

A

effective
less toxic
stays on earth longer

57
Q

Chlorinated Hydrocarbon

A

synthetic substance that affects the nervous system of pests

58
Q

Chlorinated Hydrocarbon

pros and cons

A

low toxicity to mammals

lasts years in environment

59
Q

Fumigant

A

pesticide spray

60
Q

Fumigant

pros and cons

A

can kill colonies of pests
can help plant growth
kills goo organisms too

61
Q

Inorganic

A

unnatural positions that are chemically induced

62
Q

Inorganic

pros and cons

A

controls contamination
cost efficient
highly toxic and accumulates in environment

63
Q

Organophosphates

A

type of pesticide that works by damaging an enzyme in the body called acetylcholinesterase

64
Q

Organophosphates pros and cons

A

toxins short lived

extremely toxic

65
Q

Integrated Pest Management

A

broad-based approach that integrates practices for economic control of pests. IPM aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level (EIL).

66
Q

Integrated Pest Management

pros and cons

A

maintains balanced ecosystem
slower to adjust to pesticides
more technicalities into it
time consuming

67
Q

Even-Age Management

A

tree plantations

68
Q

Even-Age Management pros and cons

A

less root competition in regenerated stand
enables genetic improvement if necessary when planted
higher potential for erosion
less biologically diverse

69
Q

Uneven-Age Management

A

maintain a stand of trees with all ages

70
Q

Uneven-Age Management pros and cons

A

seed supply come naturally
growth capacity can be converted to revenue at short intervals
control over land may be more difficult
more challenging to achieve balanced sustained yield

71
Q

Selective Cutting

A

specific trees in an area are chosen and cut

72
Q

Selective Cutting

pros and cons

A 
shorter regrowth time
little soil erosion
destructive to remaining habitats
expensive
slower production speed
73
Q

High Grading

A

cutting and removing only the largest and best trees

74
Q

High Grading pros and cons

A

doesn’t get rid of all trees immediately

leaves stub of tree just laying there which is harmful

75
Q

Shelterwood Cutting

A

removes all mature trees in an area for a limited time

76
Q

Shelterwood Cutting

pros and cons

A

natural looking forestand cutting
keeps seeds from being crowded
too many trees could be removed at one time

77
Q

Seed Tree Cutting

A

majority of trees removed but scattered,seed-producing trees are left to regenerate stand

78
Q

Seed Tree Cutting pros and cons

A

lets multiple species grow
genetic improvements
crowding,less efficient compared to clear cutting

79
Q

Clear Cutting

A

cutting all trees

80
Q

Clear Cutting pros and cons

A

provides sunlight for new trees
cost and time efficient
can take longer to regenerate new trees habitat loss

81
Q

Strip Cutting

A

clear-cutting strips of trees that follows the land contour

82
Q

Strip Cutting

pros and cons

A

natural regeneration
little environmental damage
not as efficient as clear cutting

83
Q

Surface Mining

A

shallow deposits are removed

84
Q

Surface Mining

pros and cons

A

financial benefits
safer alternative to pit mining
erosion
contamination

85
Q

Subsurface Mining

A

deep deposits are removed

86
Q

Subsurface Mining

pros and cons

A

safer than surface mining

cost
time

87
Q

Open Pit Mining

A

machines dig holes and remove ores,sand, gravel, and stone

88
Q

Open Pit Mining pros and cons

A

more ore can be extracted quicker
safer working conditions
toxic groundwater can accumulate at bottom of holes

89
Q

Area Strip Mining

A

earth movers strips away overburden, and giant shovels removes mineral deposit

90
Q

Area Strip Mining

pros and cons

A

cost effective
brought to market quicker

often leaves spoil banks

91
Q

Contour Strip Mining

A

used on hilly or mountainous terrain

92
Q

Contour Strip Mining

pros and cons

A

faster recovery rate
safer than underground mining
unless land’s restored, high wall is left behind

93
Q

Mountaintop Removal

A

machinery removes the tips of mountains to expose coal

94
Q

Mountaintop Removal

pros and cons

A

saves energy
cost and work efficient
resulting waste rock and dirt are dumped into streams and valleys below

Apes (7 decks)

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