land use Flashcards
Low-Input Agriculture
purchasing few off-farm inputs (usually fertilizers and pesticides), while increasing on-farm inputs (i.e. manures, cover crops, and especially management).
Low-Input Agriculture pros and cons
pros:conerves till
high diversity
cons:more expensive to the consumer
Traditional Agriculture
treating the soil and plants with products that are more likely than not noxious, and more likely than not synthetically produced in a laboratory
Traditional Agriculture pros and cons
better crops
habitat loss
wasteful water consumption
High-Input Agriculture
includes mechanized equipment,chemical fertilizers and pesticides
High-Input Agriculture
pros and cons
high crop yield
more requirements for farming are less and more economical
lots of pesticides that leads to pollution and disease
Industrialized Agriculture
characterized by mechanized equipment,monocultures,chemical fertilizers,pesticides
Industrialized Agriculture
pros and cons
cheap
job opportunity
morally wrong
pollutes land and air
Slash and Burn Agriculture
clear and burn a small plot-burning clears vegetation and releases nutrients into soil
Slash and Burn Agriculture
pros and cons
helpful for environment and soil
poor air quality
kills off species
Subsistence Agriculture
grown primarily for the consumption of the farmers’ family
Subsistence Agriculture
pros and cons
lower prices
crop output
can’t grow as many crops at a time
Organic Agriculture
crops are grown with the use of ecologically safe methods and without synthetic pesticides, GMOs, or inorganic fertilizers
Organic Agriculture pros and cons
conserve biodiversity
improves soil quality
time consuming
diminished productivity overtime
Agroforestry
harvestable trees or shrubs grown around crops or on pastureland
Agroforestry pros and cons
increase crop yield
energy saving
long time to reap yields
Alley Cropping
planting crops in strips with rows of trees on each side
Alley Cropping pros and cons
diversity
land quality improvement
additional labor required
Crop Rotation
planting different crops from year to year
Crop Rotation pros and cons
reduces soil erosion
diversification increase
more skill
limited growing conditions
Intercropping
grow more than one crop in the same field,usually in altering rows or sections
Intercropping pros and cons
lower soil surface evaporation
decrease soil erosion
time consuming
reduced efficiency in planting
Corporate Farming
companies that own or influence farms and agricultural practices on a large scale.
Corporate Farming pros and cons
cheapers
better quality yield
higher environmental cost
risk of being corrupted by big businesses
Interplanting
growing two different crops in the same area at the same time
Interplanting pros and cons
cheaper
one plant can pollute the other
Monoculture
mass production of one crop
Monoculture
pros and. cons
more affordable
requires pesticides
limits soil fertility
Low Till, No Till, Conservation Till Agriculture
way of growing crops or pasture from year to year without disturbing the soil through tillage. … In many agricultural regions, it can reduce or eliminate soil erosion.
Low Till, No Till, Conservation Till Agriculture
pros and cons
minimally disturbed
cheaper
fungal disease
herbicides
Polyvarietal Cultivation
planting multiple varieties of the same crop
Polyvarietal Cultivation
pros and cons
reduces weeds and disease outbreaks
difficult for farmers to contain
Plantation
commercial system for export
Plantation
pros and cons
doesn’t typically use industrial practices
pollution
Polyculture
different crops in the same space to intimidate diversity in nature
Polyculture
pros and cons
soil fertility more efficient use of resources farmers must be more knowledgeable laborious task more of an investment
Shifting Cultivation
area of ground is cleared of vegetation and cultivated for a few years and then abandoned for a new area until its fertility has been naturally restored.
Shifting Cultivation pros and cons
preserving soil, maintaining the culture
not efficient enough especially with our growing population, destruction of rain forests and trees
Nomadic Herding
when livestock are herded in order to find fresh pastures on which to graze.
Nomadic Herding pros and cons
preserves environmental quality
saves money
no surplus of product
Feedlot
an area or building where livestock are fed or fattened up
feedlot pros and cons
efficient
good for animals
good for reproduction rates
if not taken cared for, the pastures might not grow when spring comes
Aquaculture
the rearing of aquatic animals or the cultivation of aquatic plants for food
Aquaculture
pros and cons
emphasis of protecting wildlife
reduces fishing pressure
amplifies transfer of disease
deteriorates aesthetic beauty of coastline
First Generation Pesticide
imple, usually very toxic chemicals which harm almost everything they come into contact with
First Generation Pesticide pros and cons
replaces botanicals
does more damage than good
Second Generation Pesticide
pesticides are synthetic compounds created for the intentional use as a pesticide and organism specific
Second Generation Pesticide
pros and cons
less toxic than first generation pesticides
DDT which is a negative effect on humans
Broad Spectrum Pesticide
pesticides that are designed to kill or manage a wide variety of organisms. Broad-spectrum pesticides are used when many different species of organisms are causing harm is unknown
Broad Spectrum Pesticide
pros and cons
unwanted organisms can damage plants are eliminated
can negatively affect humans
Narrow Spectrum Pesticide
that have a small coverage range are referred to as narrow-spectrum pesticides, because they are designed to kill or manage a select group of organisms
Narrow Spectrum Pesticide pros and cons
doesn’t affect the whole crop and takes less pesticides because of it
bioaccumulation and biomagnification
Biological Agent
is a bacterium, virus, protozoan, parasite, or fungus that can be used purposefully as a weapon in bioterrorism or biological warfare (BW)
Biological Agent pros and cons
cheap and easy to make
can be used in any nation
not always effective
agents stay in environment for a long time
Carbamate
affects the nervous system of pests
Carbamate
pros and cons
effective
less toxic
stays on earth longer
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon
synthetic substance that affects the nervous system of pests
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon
pros and cons
low toxicity to mammals
lasts years in environment
Fumigant
pesticide spray
Fumigant
pros and cons
can kill colonies of pests
can help plant growth
kills goo organisms too
Inorganic
unnatural positions that are chemically induced
Inorganic
pros and cons
controls contamination
cost efficient
highly toxic and accumulates in environment
Organophosphates
type of pesticide that works by damaging an enzyme in the body called acetylcholinesterase
Organophosphates pros and cons
toxins short lived
extremely toxic
Integrated Pest Management
broad-based approach that integrates practices for economic control of pests. IPM aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level (EIL).
Integrated Pest Management
pros and cons
maintains balanced ecosystem
slower to adjust to pesticides
more technicalities into it
time consuming
Even-Age Management
tree plantations
Even-Age Management pros and cons
less root competition in regenerated stand
enables genetic improvement if necessary when planted
higher potential for erosion
less biologically diverse
Uneven-Age Management
maintain a stand of trees with all ages
Uneven-Age Management pros and cons
seed supply come naturally
growth capacity can be converted to revenue at short intervals
control over land may be more difficult
more challenging to achieve balanced sustained yield
Selective Cutting
specific trees in an area are chosen and cut
Selective Cutting
pros and cons
shorter regrowth time little soil erosion destructive to remaining habitats expensive slower production speed
High Grading
cutting and removing only the largest and best trees
High Grading pros and cons
doesn’t get rid of all trees immediately
leaves stub of tree just laying there which is harmful
Shelterwood Cutting
removes all mature trees in an area for a limited time
Shelterwood Cutting
pros and cons
natural looking forestand cutting
keeps seeds from being crowded
too many trees could be removed at one time
Seed Tree Cutting
majority of trees removed but scattered,seed-producing trees are left to regenerate stand
Seed Tree Cutting pros and cons
lets multiple species grow
genetic improvements
crowding,less efficient compared to clear cutting
Clear Cutting
cutting all trees
Clear Cutting pros and cons
provides sunlight for new trees
cost and time efficient
can take longer to regenerate new trees habitat loss
Strip Cutting
clear-cutting strips of trees that follows the land contour
Strip Cutting
pros and cons
natural regeneration
little environmental damage
not as efficient as clear cutting
Surface Mining
shallow deposits are removed
Surface Mining
pros and cons
financial benefits
safer alternative to pit mining
erosion
contamination
Subsurface Mining
deep deposits are removed
Subsurface Mining
pros and cons
safer than surface mining
cost
time
Open Pit Mining
machines dig holes and remove ores,sand, gravel, and stone
Open Pit Mining pros and cons
more ore can be extracted quicker
safer working conditions
toxic groundwater can accumulate at bottom of holes
Area Strip Mining
earth movers strips away overburden, and giant shovels removes mineral deposit
Area Strip Mining
pros and cons
cost effective
brought to market quicker
often leaves spoil banks
Contour Strip Mining
used on hilly or mountainous terrain
Contour Strip Mining
pros and cons
faster recovery rate
safer than underground mining
unless land’s restored, high wall is left behind
Mountaintop Removal
machinery removes the tips of mountains to expose coal
Mountaintop Removal
pros and cons
saves energy
cost and work efficient
resulting waste rock and dirt are dumped into streams and valleys below
