SoE Conservation and Restoration Flashcards
What factors would you consider when assessing heritage ? HACE
Historical value - Historical value derives from the ways in which past people, events and
aspects of life can be connected through a place to the present. It tends
to be illustrative or associative.
Aesthetic value - Aesthetic value derives from the ways in which people draw sensory and intellectual stimulation from a place.
Communal value - Communal value derives from the meanings of a place for the people who relate to it, or for whom it figures in their collective experience or memory.
Communal values are closely bound up with historical (particularly associative)
and aesthetic values, but tend to have additional and specific aspects.
Evidential value - Evidential value derives from the potential of a place to yield evidence about past human activity.
What is the lime cycle ?
“1 - Limestone = Calcium Carbonate
Roasted / Heated
Producing Quicklime / Calcium Oxide
Water added
Producing Slacked lime / Calcium hydroxide
Applied to building material etc
Absorbs CO2 which turns back into limestone / calcium carbonate”
What is Historic Environment Scotland?
Historic Environment Scotland is the lead public body established to investigate, care for and promote Scotland’s historic environment.
We’re a non-departmental public body with charitable status. We’re governed by a Board of Trustees, who were appointed by Scottish Ministers.
We’re responsible for more than 300 properties of national importance. Buildings and monuments in our care include Edinburgh Castle, Skara Brae, Fort George and numerous smaller sites, which together draw more than 5 million visitors per year.
We’re also responsible for internationally significant collections including more than 5 million drawings, photographs, negatives and manuscripts, along with 20 million aerial images of locations across the world.
We invest about £14 million a year in national and local organisations, supporting building repairs, ancient monuments, archaeological work, the Conservation Area Regeneration Scheme and the voluntary sector.
Our conservation experts provide guidance, training and technical research into Scotland’s built environment. Through our outreach programme, we promote community and individual learning engagement with Scotland’s heritage. We contribute to the Scottish Government’s strategy to tackle climate change and reduce Scotland’s carbon footprint.
Do building regulations apply to listed buildings?
- The Building Regulations only apply to new work and there is no general requirement to upgrade all existing buildings to meet these standards.
- Where a building did not comply with the Regulations before the alteration the work of alteration shall be carried out so that afterwards the building’s compliance with the Regulations where reasonable.
- scheduled monument are exempt from compliance as it is controlled by other legislation.
What are the breakdown of listings (England)?
- Grade I buildings are of exceptional interest, only 2.5% of listed buildings are Grade I
- Grade II* buildings are particularly important buildings of more than special interest; 5.8% of listed buildings are Grade II*
- Grade II buildings are of special interest; 91.7% of all listed buildings are in this class and it is the most likely grade of listing for a home owner.
- Surprisingly the total number of listed buildings is not known, as one single entry on the National Heritage List for England (NHLE) can sometimes cover a number of individual units, such as a row of terraced houses. However, we estimate that there are around 500,000 listed buildings on the NHLE.
What are the breakdown of listings (Scotland)?
Category A
Buildings of special architectural or historical interest which are outstanding examples of a particular period, style or building type.
Category B
Buildings of special architectural or historic interest which are major examples of a particular period, style or building type.
Category C
Buildings of special architectural or historic interest which are representative examples of a period, style or building type.
What is the definition of an scheduled monument ?
Scheduling is the selection of nationally important archaeological sites. Although archaeology is all around us, Scheduled sites form a carefully chosen sample of them, which are closely managed.
While some change may be possible, there is a presumption that they will be handed on to future generations in much the same state that we have found them. Scheduling derives its authority from the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act of 1979.
Our scheduling selection guides explain our approach to scheduling. For archaeological sites and monuments they are divided into categories ranging from Agriculture to Utilities and complement the listing selection guides for buildings. In each guide, a historical introduction is followed by a consideration of protection issues, together with sources of further information.
What is the definition of a conservation area ?
Conservation areas “are areas of special architectural or historic interest, the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance”.
S.61 Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Scotland) Act 1997
Conservation areas are crucial to the conservation of our environment. There are over 600 conservation areas in Scotland. Many were designated in the early 1970s, but some have since been redesignated, merged, renamed, given smaller or larger boundaries and new ones have been added. They can cover historic land, battlefields, public parks, designed landscapes or railways but most contain groups of buildings extending over areas of a village, town or city. To safeguard them for the enjoyment and benefit of future generations any new development should preserve or enhance their varied character.
How are they designated?
The planning authority is required to determine which parts of its area are of special architectural or historic interest. It may designate these as conservation areas. The public will normally be consulted on any proposal to designate conservation areas or to change their boundaries.
What is a national scenic area?
December 2010, NSAs were designated under new legislation. Part 10 of the Planning etc. (Scotland) Act 2006 gave NSAs a statutory basis. The Town and Country Planning (National Scenic Areas) (Scotland) Designation Directions 2010 then brought this into force.
The legislation defines NSAs as areas “of outstanding scenic value in a national context”, for which special protection measures are required.
Planning authorities should ensure that:
- new development in or next to an NSA doesn’t detract from the quality or character of the landscape
- the scale, siting and design of such development are appropriate
- the design and landscaping are of a high standard
There are 40 in Scotland.
Who can apply for a building to be listed, and who do you apply to?
Anyone via HES
Who can apply for a building to be de listed ?
Anyone but the original applicant.
What properties / buildings are exempt from listed building consent ?
Ecclesiastical exemption. Has to still be used as a church
What is the only suitable reason for carrying out works without LBC ?
Immediate works for health and safety reasons
What are the penalty’s for non compliance with Listed building ?
- Criminal prosecution
Under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990, it is a criminal offence to carry out or cause to be carried out any works to alter or extend a listed building in any manner which would affect its character as a building of special architectural or historic interest. It is also an offence to fail to comply with a condition of a listed building consent. This is the case even if no enforcement notice has been issued. By contrast, it is not an offence to extend or alter an unlisted building without planning permission and it is only an offence to fail to comply with a planning enforcement notice.
The offence is committed by the person who carried out the work or by anyone who caused them to be carried out. This could include, for example, the builder, architect, occupier or owner. Prosecutions can be brought against both a company as a whole and individual employees and directors of that company.
There are some limited defenses, such as that the works were urgently required in the interests of health and safety or for the preservation of the building, but it is not a defense to claim ignorance as to the building’s listed status.
Retrospective consent can be granted for unlawful works. However, the grant of consent does not prevent prosecution, as the offence has already been committed.
The maximum penalty is two years’ imprisonment and an unlimited fine. When deciding the amount of the fine, the court will have regard to any financial benefit which has accrued or appears likely to accrue in consequence of the offence. The court may also make a confiscation order requiring the defendant to pay the sum of money derived from his/her criminality under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002.
- Enforcement notice
In addition, or instead, the local planning authority may issue a listed building enforcement notice. This notice will require steps to be taken to restore the property or to alleviate the effects of the unlawful works. The notice can be served on the owner or occupier of the property or on any other person having an interest in that property which is materially affected by the notice, regardless of whether they carried out the unlawful works. An offence is committed by the owner (only) of the property if the listed building enforcement notice is not complied with, and there is a power for the local authority to enter the property, carry out the required work and then recover its reasonable expenses in doing so from the owner.
There are no time limits within which a listed building enforcement notice must be issued and action could be taken many years after the work was carried out. However, an authority should take into account the length of time that has elapsed since the breach was committed in deciding whether it would be expedient to issue a notice. This is different to planning enforcement where strict time limits apply.
- Injunction
A local authority may also apply to the court for an injunction to stop works taking place. This is possible whether or not they have exercised or are proposing to exercise any of their other powers explained above. Injunctions are considered to be a draconian remedy and are infrequently used. However, an authority may consider it necessary to prevent anticipated unauthorised works, to take urgent action to prevent further degradation or to compel compliance with an enforcement notice where the authority considers it unlikely that the defendant will do so.
What is considered before a conservation area is designated ? and who initially creates this document ?
A Heritage/character assessment of the area via the local authority.
What is a character statement ?
A conservation area character appraisal is a document which sets out why the conservation area was designated and what its special architectural or historical interest is.
An appraisal contains an assessment of elements which contribute to the special interest and those which detract from it and covers issues such as: topography, street patterns, boundaries, the historical development of the area, archaeological significance, common building materials, open spaces, quality and relationship of buildings and trees.
What is a day one valuation?
The cost of replaced taking into account removal of debris and professional fees
What can be listed ?
- Buildings
- Walls
- Ship wreck
- Monuments
- Parks and gardens
- Battlefields
