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Clinical Chemistry 2 > Sodium and Potassium > Flashcards

Sodium and Potassium Flashcards

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1
Q

Has a concentration 20x greater inside the cells than outside

A

Potassium

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2
Q

the most abundant cation in the ECF

A

Sodium

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3
Q

Functions of Potassium

A
  • regulation of neuromuscular excitability
  • regulation of contraction of the heart
  • regulation of ICF volume and H+ conc
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4
Q

represent of 90% of all extracellular cations

A

Sodium

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5
Q

Organ that is important in the regulation of K+ balance

A

Kidney

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6
Q

Three processes in the regulation of Sodium

A
  • intake of water
  • excretion of water, as affected by ADH
  • blood volume status
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7
Q

True or false. Sodium concentration in the ECF is much smaller than inside the cells

A

False

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8
Q

Decreased serum Na+ concentration (less than 135mmol/L)

A

Hyponatremia

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9
Q

One of the most common electrolyte disorders

A

Hyponatremia

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10
Q

causes of hyponatremia

A
  • increased sodium loss
  • increased water retention
  • water imbalance
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11
Q

Symptoms of Hyponatremia

A
  • gastroinestinal
  • neuropsyhchiatric
  • dba sbi niya nde na itatanong mga symptoms?
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12
Q

TReatment of hyponatremia

A
  • fluid restriction
  • administration of hypertonic saline
  • AVPR antagonist Conivaptan
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13
Q

method of choice for sodium determination

A

ion slective electrode (ISE)

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14
Q

Increase in water retention associated with pulmonary disease, malignancies, CNS disorders, infections or trauma

A

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

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15
Q

occur when Na is measured using indirect ISE

A

pseudohyponatremia

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16
Q

hyponatrmia with low osmolality

A
  • increased sodium loss

- increased water retention

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17
Q

hyponatrmia with normal osmolality

A
  • increased in non sodium cations
  • pseudohyponatremia
  • pseudohyperkalemia
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18
Q

non sodium cations

A

Li, K, Mg, Ca, gamma globulins

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19
Q

hyponatremia with high osmolality

A
  • hyperglycemia

- mannitol infusion

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20
Q

excess loss of water relative to sodium loss; decreased water intake; increased sodium intake or retention

A

hypernatremia

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21
Q

causes of hypernatremia

A
  • diabetes insipidus
    -renal tubular disorders
    -prolonged diarrhea
    -profuse sweating
    -severe burns
    -
22
Q

correlation with sodium osmolality (<300 mOsm/kg)

A

diabetes insipidus

23
Q

correlation with osmollality (300-700 mOsm/kg

A

partial defect in ADH release

24
Q

correlation with osmolality (>700 mOsm/kg)

A

loss of thirst, insensible loss of water, GI loss of hypotonic fluid, excess sodium intake

25
Q

People with decreased water intake

A
  • older persons
  • infants
  • mentally impaired
26
Q

increased sodium intake or retention

A
  • hyperaldosteronism
  • sodium bicarbonate excess
  • dialysis fluid excess
27
Q

Marked hemolysis in sodium determination is caused by

A

dilution

28
Q

marked hemolysis in sodium determination means

A

falsely decreased; decreased level of sodium

29
Q

Reference method for sodium determination

A

Atomic Absorption Spectrometer

30
Q

color of sodium in flame emission spectrophotometer

A

intense yellow

31
Q

Two electrodes used in ion selective electrode

A
  • reference electrode

- measuring electrode

32
Q

only 2% in plasma

A

potassium

33
Q

Causes of hypokalemia

A
  • GI loss
  • renal loss
  • cellular shift
  • decreased intake
34
Q

<3.4 mmol/L of potassium

A

hypokalemia

35
Q

regulation of potassium

A
  • hypoxia, hypomagnesia, digoxin
  • insulin
  • catecholamine
36
Q

Diuretic used in renal loss

A

Thiazides

37
Q

Treatment of hypokalemia

A
  • oral KCl
  • IV replacement
  • diet with high K
  • banana
38
Q

Causes of hyperkalemia

A
  • decreased renal excretion
  • cellular shift
  • increased intake
  • artifactual
39
Q

Artifactual causes of hyperkalemia

A
  • sample hemolysis
  • thrombocytosis
  • prolonged tourniquet use
  • excessive fist clenching
40
Q

increases the cellular uptake of K+

A

cellular shift

41
Q

promotes the entry of K+ into skeletal muscle and liver cell

A

insulin overdose

42
Q

diseases in decreased renal excretion

A
  • acute or chronic renal failure
  • hypoaldosteronism
  • Addison’s disease
43
Q

Produces a hyperosmolar plasma that pulls water and potassium from cells

A

Diabetes Mellitus

44
Q

Drugs for hyperkalemia

A
  • captopril
  • nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
  • spironolactone
  • digoxin
  • cyclosporine
  • heparin theraphy
45
Q

inhibits renal response to aldosterone

A

cyclosporine

46
Q

inhibits aldosterone secretion

A

heparin theraphy

47
Q

treatment of hyperkalemia

A

administration of sodium bicarbonate, glucose or insulin

48
Q

sources of error in potassium determination

A
  • excessive fist clenching
  • exercising the arms prior to venipuncture
  • storage on ice promotes release of potassium from cells
49
Q

most common cause of artifactual hyperkalemia

A

hemolysis

50
Q

spx of choice preferred in cases of thrombocytosis in potassium determination

A

plasma

51
Q

reference method of potassium determination

A

AAS

52
Q

colorimetric method of potassium detrermination

A

Hoffman method (sodium tetraphenylboron or sodium cobaltinitrite) boron ba yun???

Clinical Chemistry 2 (11 decks)

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