SOCSCI 1 M44

Question 1

The term is considered by some as a loose interpretation of the concept of the ancient Roman Empire, referring to an association of independent and semi-independent states, rather than the Roman Empire’s inclusion of conquered peoples.

Answer 1

“commonwealth”

Question 2

What happened to the idea of the republic after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire?

Answer 2

The idea of the republic disappeared with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire by 476 AD. The empire broke up into landed estates called “fiefs,” controlled by the elites, the nobility, referred to as “princes”, “kings”, or simply “lords”.

Question 3

The empire broke up into landed estates called _______ controlled by the elites, the nobility, referred to as “princes”, “kings”, or simply “lords”.

Answer 3

“fiefs,”

Question 4

referred to as “princes”, “kings”, or simply “lords”.

Answer 4

nobilities/elites

Question 5

refers to a group of people present at an event, market is defined by its relationship with an organization

Answer 5

Audience

Question 6

represents an individual or group with an interest in or concern with something as a user, provider, influencer, and governance.

Answer 6

Stakeholder

Question 7

Since 2000, has become the public sphere where advocacy is personalized, popular, popularized, and anti-elite.

Answer 7

the Internet

Question 8

It can also become a battleground for statists trying to demolish all opposition to the government.

Answer 8

the Internet

Question 9

used ‘public’ to refer to a group that shares a common problem and acts in an organized way to solve it; and public affairs that need to be acted upon, “cared for”.

Answer 9

Dewey - Situational public

Question 10

refers to individuals expressing feelings and thoughts about something to which they may not have a genuine connection.

Answer 10

Subjective Public

Question 11

Refers to a group based on common ideas, ideology, or hobbies. It’s also used to describe a networked public or social network, which is a group formed or reformed by network technologies.

Answer 11

Social Public

Question 12

Used ‘public’ to refer to agenda-building as a condition of political action that is not temporary.

Answer 12

Grunig - Latent Public and Active public

Question 13

In public relations, it represents those who could be influenced to achieve certain goals.

Answer 13

‘target public’

Question 14

In public relations, it refers to opinion makers who convey messages to target publics.

Answer 14

‘influential’

Question 15

It refers to “audience constituted by media
consumers” (Mateus 2011: 275). As the name suggests, it is temporal and
contingent.

Answer 15

Situational Public

Question 16

In public relations, it refers to those who have the power to act on a situation.

Answer 16

‘intervening public’

Question 16

In this context, it includes those intimate with power and its instrument, such as the government, ordinary people who defend the government, trolls, etc.

Answer 16

“elite”

Question 17

is based on number, not principles and plans.

Answer 17

Populism

Question 18

In what fields does the concept of situational public occur?

Answer 18

psychology, public relations, and marketing

Question 19

What does Grunig’s ‘situational theory of publics’ consist of?

Answer 19

Grunig’s ‘situational theory of publics’ consists of
‘nonpublics’ (without a problem), ‘latent publics’ (with a problem), and ‘active publics’ (acts on the problem).

Question 20

He refers to ‘public’ as a group of individuals who develop an awareness about a problem and act towards solving it. It is similar to Dewey’s idea of situational public, also Grunig’s latent public and active public.

Answer 20

“A Homo Narrans Paradigm for Public Relations,” Vasquez (1993)

Question 21

Three notions of ‘public’ are offered:

Answer 21

(1) non–situational public; (2) situational public; and (3) subjective public. To this may be added (4) social public, especially social networks, which is now commonplace.

Question 22

Transgenders who feel that they need to perform for visibility or public-ness by looking the part.

Answer 22

An example of ‘subjective public’

Question 23

Is a group formed/reformed by network technologies, such as 5G and Wi-Fi 6, AI, Internet-based networking, and Internet of Things.

Answer 23

A ‘networked public’ or ‘social network’

Question 24

In the US, it is not necessarily associated with party associations.

Answer 24

conservatism e.g., The democrats could be as conservative, if not more, than the republicans.

Question 25

For conservatives in the US, these are the battlegrounds for their agenda, such as teaching creationism instead of evolution.

Answer 25

schools

Question 26

‘Public’ is used in three ways in relation to stakeholders:

Answer 26

target public, influentials, and intervenors.

Question 27

represents those whose behaviors could be influenced to achieve certain goals, such as advertisers targeting individuals who like fair skin.

Answer 27

‘Target public’

Question 28

It refers to opinion makers who convey messages to target publics. Examples include a celebrity hiring a PR group or a politician criticizing a candidate to influence public opinion.

Answer 28

‘Influentials’

Question 29

It refers to those who have the power to act on a situation, such as a TV host who tries to mediate between parties in conflict.

Answer 29

‘Intervenors’

Question 30

In this context, “elite” includes those intimate with power and its instrument, such as the government, ordinary people who defend the government, trolls, etc.

Answer 30

The term “elite” as included in the context of the internet as a battleground

Question 31

What is populism based on according to the text?

Answer 31

Populism is based on number, not principles and plans.

Question 32

define ‘public’ in the context of public relations as a group of individuals who have shared interests or values in a particular situation.

Answer 32

Ledingham and Bruning

Question 33

Public is derived from Lat. publicus, poplicus, from populus, to refer to

Answer 33

“public thing, affair” or “people’s thing, affair”.

Question 34

It occurs in English as
“populous”

Answer 34

Connotes “people”, “mass population” associated with common
interest.

Question 35

In ancient Rome it refers to something common, e.g., plaza,
as against res privata that refers to something private, e.g., home garden (Knud
1995).

Answer 35

res publica

Question 36

It connotes that of which refers to the Roman Empire included
conquered peoples, not an association of independent and semi–independent
states as in the case of the commonwealth.

Answer 36

“state”

Question 37

Specifically, denotes public thing, affair, also refers to state affairs
or system of governance, more in the sense of Gr. politeia for city–state. The Republic, as Augustus Caesar called his dominion, was an empire (Boak 1921).

Answer 37

res publica,

Question 38

Disappeared with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire by 476 AD (Rouche 1987)

Answer 38

The idea of a republic

Question 39

These groups consider schools the battleground for their agenda, e.g., schools should teach creationism not evolution. In the 1980s, the battle spilled over to rock music.

Answer 39

conservatives

Question 40

Wants the other to consume only what they put out to them

Answer 40

Indeed, the elite (de Certeau 1984), e.g., in-home entertainment, anything Netflix.

Question 41

The following are examples
of: (a) a celebrity hires a PR group to know how the target audience
would react to her TV interview; (b) a politician saying that a candidate is a
weak leader to convince the public to vote for his candidate instead; and (c)
editors, columnists, radio and TV hosts.

Answer 41

Influentials

Question 42

Res privata (private, e.g., one’s living room) is opposed to res publica, which is
everyone’s space, e.g., the plaza.

Answer 42

The personalization of the public sphere is contrary to public–ness.

Question 43

defined ‘public’ in the context of public relations as a group of individuals who have shared interests or values in a particular situation.

Answer 43

Ledingham and Bruning

Question 44

In the context of public relations, ‘public’ implies _________, which refers to the process of managing and maintaining a positive relationship between an organization and its publics.

Answer 44

relationship management

Question 45

uses ‘public’ in the context of public relations to refer to groups of individuals who prevent or assist an organization from achieving its goals.

Answer 45

Heath

Question 46

Expands the concept of ‘public’ in the context of public relations by including not only those who are affected by or can affect an organization’s actions, but also those who are simply interested in the organization.

Answer 46

Hallahan

Question 47

Uses ‘public’ in the context of public relations to refer to a group of individuals who share similar interests or goals, and who are capable of communicating and acting together.

Answer 47

Rawlins

Question 48

According to Coombs, there are three levels of ‘public’:

Answer 48

macro (large scale), meso (medium scale), and micro (small scale).