SOCSCI 1 M44 Flashcards
The term is considered by some as a loose interpretation of the concept of the ancient Roman Empire, referring to an association of independent and semi-independent states, rather than the Roman Empire’s inclusion of conquered peoples.
“commonwealth”
What happened to the idea of the republic after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire?
The idea of the republic disappeared with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire by 476 AD. The empire broke up into landed estates called “fiefs,” controlled by the elites, the nobility, referred to as “princes”, “kings”, or simply “lords”.
The empire broke up into landed estates called _______ controlled by the elites, the nobility, referred to as “princes”, “kings”, or simply “lords”.
“fiefs,”
referred to as “princes”, “kings”, or simply “lords”.
nobilities/elites
refers to a group of people present at an event, market is defined by its relationship with an organization
Audience
represents an individual or group with an interest in or concern with something as a user, provider, influencer, and governance.
Stakeholder
Since 2000, has become the public sphere where advocacy is personalized, popular, popularized, and anti-elite.
the Internet
It can also become a battleground for statists trying to demolish all opposition to the government.
the Internet
used ‘public’ to refer to a group that shares a common problem and acts in an organized way to solve it; and public affairs that need to be acted upon, “cared for”.
Dewey - Situational public
refers to individuals expressing feelings and thoughts about something to which they may not have a genuine connection.
Subjective Public
Refers to a group based on common ideas, ideology, or hobbies. It’s also used to describe a networked public or social network, which is a group formed or reformed by network technologies.
Social Public
Used ‘public’ to refer to agenda-building as a condition of political action that is not temporary.
Grunig - Latent Public and Active public
In public relations, it represents those who could be influenced to achieve certain goals.
‘target public’
In public relations, it refers to opinion makers who convey messages to target publics.
‘influential’
It refers to “audience constituted by media
consumers” (Mateus 2011: 275). As the name suggests, it is temporal and
contingent.
Situational Public
In public relations, it refers to those who have the power to act on a situation.
‘intervening public’
In this context, it includes those intimate with power and its instrument, such as the government, ordinary people who defend the government, trolls, etc.
“elite”
is based on number, not principles and plans.
Populism
In what fields does the concept of situational public occur?
psychology, public relations, and marketing
What does Grunig’s ‘situational theory of publics’ consist of?
Grunig’s ‘situational theory of publics’ consists of
‘nonpublics’ (without a problem), ‘latent publics’ (with a problem), and ‘active publics’ (acts on the problem).
He refers to ‘public’ as a group of individuals who develop an awareness about a problem and act towards solving it. It is similar to Dewey’s idea of situational public, also Grunig’s latent public and active public.
“A Homo Narrans Paradigm for Public Relations,” Vasquez (1993)
Three notions of ‘public’ are offered:
(1) non–situational public; (2) situational public; and (3) subjective public. To this may be added (4) social public, especially social networks, which is now commonplace.
Transgenders who feel that they need to perform for visibility or public-ness by looking the part.
An example of ‘subjective public’
Is a group formed/reformed by network technologies, such as 5G and Wi-Fi 6, AI, Internet-based networking, and Internet of Things.
A ‘networked public’ or ‘social network’
In the US, it is not necessarily associated with party associations.
conservatism e.g., The democrats could be as conservative, if not more, than the republicans.
For conservatives in the US, these are the battlegrounds for their agenda, such as teaching creationism instead of evolution.
schools
‘Public’ is used in three ways in relation to stakeholders:
target public, influentials, and intervenors.
represents those whose behaviors could be influenced to achieve certain goals, such as advertisers targeting individuals who like fair skin.
‘Target public’
It refers to opinion makers who convey messages to target publics. Examples include a celebrity hiring a PR group or a politician criticizing a candidate to influence public opinion.
‘Influentials’
It refers to those who have the power to act on a situation, such as a TV host who tries to mediate between parties in conflict.
‘Intervenors’
In this context, “elite” includes those intimate with power and its instrument, such as the government, ordinary people who defend the government, trolls, etc.
The term “elite” as included in the context of the internet as a battleground
What is populism based on according to the text?
Populism is based on number, not principles and plans.
define ‘public’ in the context of public relations as a group of individuals who have shared interests or values in a particular situation.
Ledingham and Bruning
Public is derived from Lat. publicus, poplicus, from populus, to refer to
“public thing, affair” or “people’s thing, affair”.
It occurs in English as
“populous”
Connotes “people”, “mass population” associated with common
interest.
In ancient Rome it refers to something common, e.g., plaza,
as against res privata that refers to something private, e.g., home garden (Knud
1995).
res publica
It connotes that of which refers to the Roman Empire included
conquered peoples, not an association of independent and semi–independent
states as in the case of the commonwealth.
“state”
Specifically, denotes public thing, affair, also refers to state affairs
or system of governance, more in the sense of Gr. politeia for city–state. The Republic, as Augustus Caesar called his dominion, was an empire (Boak 1921).
res publica,
Disappeared with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire by 476 AD (Rouche 1987)
The idea of a republic
These groups consider schools the battleground for their agenda, e.g., schools should teach creationism not evolution. In the 1980s, the battle spilled over to rock music.
conservatives
Wants the other to consume only what they put out to them
Indeed, the elite (de Certeau 1984), e.g., in-home entertainment, anything Netflix.
The following are examples
of: (a) a celebrity hires a PR group to know how the target audience
would react to her TV interview; (b) a politician saying that a candidate is a
weak leader to convince the public to vote for his candidate instead; and (c)
editors, columnists, radio and TV hosts.
Influentials
Res privata (private, e.g., one’s living room) is opposed to res publica, which is
everyone’s space, e.g., the plaza.
The personalization of the public sphere is contrary to public–ness.
defined ‘public’ in the context of public relations as a group of individuals who have shared interests or values in a particular situation.
Ledingham and Bruning
In the context of public relations, ‘public’ implies _________, which refers to the process of managing and maintaining a positive relationship between an organization and its publics.
relationship management
uses ‘public’ in the context of public relations to refer to groups of individuals who prevent or assist an organization from achieving its goals.
Heath
Expands the concept of ‘public’ in the context of public relations by including not only those who are affected by or can affect an organization’s actions, but also those who are simply interested in the organization.
Hallahan
Uses ‘public’ in the context of public relations to refer to a group of individuals who share similar interests or goals, and who are capable of communicating and acting together.
Rawlins
According to Coombs, there are three levels of ‘public’:
macro (large scale), meso (medium scale), and micro (small scale).
