SocPop Flashcards
What can health beliefs be shaped by?
Place in society
Culture
Personal experiences
Social identity e.g. gender, sexuality, ethnicity, occupation
What are lay beliefs?
Assumptions that people hold to be true about their health.
Perspectives of ordinary people.
Different to views of doctors and professionals
Define culture
Values, norms, and traditions that affect how individuals of a particular group perceive, think, interact, behave, and make judgments about their world (Chamberlain 2005 p197).
Why are lay beliefs important?
Insights into needs of patient (information + support)
Knowing how they influence health seeking behaviour
What 3 things can make a patient seek medical help?
Perception of symptoms
Explanation of symptoms
Evaluation of symptoms (costs and benefits)
Name some social triggers to seeking medical help
Interference with social and personal relationships
Interference with vocational or physical activity
‘Sanctioning’ by others – influence of lay referral system
A ‘temporalising’ of symptomology
Interpersonal crisis
Give some examples of widely believed good health behaviours
Regular exercise
Healthy eating
Not smoking
Give some examples of health protective behaviours
Wearing a seatbelt
Health screening
Give some examples of health impairing habits
Smoking
High fat diet
Alcohol abuse
Define health behaviours
Behaviours that are related to the health status of the individual
DIAGRAM:
Draw out the ‘dual pathway model’ in which psychological processes may influence physical health
Psychological processes —> physical health
(direct path)
Psychological processes —> behaviour —> physical health
(indirect path)
What are the 4 determinants of health behaviour?
Background factors
Stable factors
Social factors
Situational factors
What are stable factors?
Individual differences, personality
How do stable factors influence appraisal of health? (3)
They determine if, and to what extent, an event is salient, i.e. sensitivity towards particular types of event
They provide a generalised framework for understanding and evaluating the event, e.g. as threat or challenge
They make available, or suggest, potential responses, i.e. initial response options
How do stable factors influence appraisal (of health)? (3)
They determine if, and to what extent, an event is salient, i.e. sensitivity towards particular types of event
They provide a generalised framework for understanding and evaluating the event, e.g. as threat or challenge
They make available, or suggest, potential responses, i.e. initial response options
What are the three broad types of individual differences?
Emotional dispositions
Generalised expectancies
Explanatory styles
What are the 5 personality traits of emotional disposition?
OCEAN: Openness to new experiences Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
What is the locus of control?
Expectations that future outcomes will be determined by factors that are either internal (self) or external (powerful others, and chance)
What is self-efficacy?
Belief in one’s own ability to organise and execute a course of action, and the expectation that the action will result in, or lead to, a desired outcome
Define optimism
Expectation of positive future outcome (however achieved) despite current negative event
What is an attributional style?
Causal explanations of negative events as internal (self), permanent (time), and global (situation)
DIAGRAM:
Draw out the health belief model
Slide 29 of health belief lecture (week 1 Monday)
What are the 5 stages of change?
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
(relapse)
DIAGRAM:
Draw out the theory of planned behaviour (TPB)
Slide 30 of health belief lecture (week 1 Monday)
Define prevalence
Number of people with a problem in a defined population at one time
Define incidence
Number of new cases of a problem arising in a defined population in a defined period of time
Define mortality rates
Number of people dying in a defined population in a defined period of time
What is Chronic Illness?
The experience of a long-term condition for which there is currently no cure, and which is managed with drugs and other treatment
Chronic illness is often:
Preventable
Degenerative
Costly
What are the 4 stages of coping strategies in chronic illness?
Denial
Normalisation
Resignation
Accommodation
What qualities does an expert patient have?
Feels confident and in control of their life
Manages their condition in partnership with healthcare professionals
Communications with professionals and shares responsibility for treatment
Is realistic about how their condition affects their family
Uses skills and knowledge to lead a full life
Why is an expert patient programme beneficial in chronic illness?
Fewer visits to ED/GP
Better prepared for appointments
More confidence that symptoms would not interfere with lives
What 3 common factors do patients with chronic illness usually experience?
Searching for meaning and explanation
Uncertainty and unpredictability
Coping and resilience
What are some potential problems with expert patient programmes?
Not attractive to everyone
Not everyone able to participate e.g. timings, transport
Extra pressure on patient organisations with limited funding
What are the five main belief dimension of chronic illness?
Identity - what is it?
Cause - what caused it?
Time - how long will it last?
Consequence - how will it impact my life?
Control-cure - can it be treated, managed?
Which model when applied to chronic illness can help understand a patient’s illness behaviour?
Self-regulatory model
What are the 5 sections of the self-regulatory model?
might be helpful to draw, understand how they link all together
Representation of illness
Appraisal
Coping (centre)
Emotional response to illness
Interpretation
What is ‘caring’?
The work or practice of looking after those unable to care for themselves
Who are paid carers?
Staff who work with people in residential care homes, in day centres and who provide personal care in someone’s home.
What is an unpaid carer?
Carers provide unpaid care by looking after an ill, frail or disabled family member, friend or partner
What % of adults are carers?
10% of the adult population are carers
What 5 areas can caring impact on?
Financial
Work
Relationships and social exclusion
Health
Education
What health impacts can caring cause?
Poorer mental health
Injuries due to manual handling
Lack of time to care for own health
Caring for a child with disability can cause disability to carer
What are the main impacts of caring on young people?
Absence from school
Lower educational attainment
Behavioural
problems/bullying
Social exclusion/isolation
Stress
Physical health problems
Traumatic life changes
Poverty
Lack support and benefits
What can Drs do to improve the health and wellbeing of carers?
Identify whether someone is a carer
Provide health care for the carer and the person they care for
Consider carer when discharge planning
Give early information about rights and entitlements
Signposting carers to services
What wider support would benefit carers?
Better access to social care
Better social security benefits for carer and person cared for
Carer-friendly employment policies
Increased awareness of and services for:
Black and minority groups
Child carers
