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Block 3 > SocPop > Flashcards

SocPop Flashcards

1
Q

What can health beliefs be shaped by?

A

Place in society

Culture

Personal experiences

Social identity e.g. gender, sexuality, ethnicity, occupation

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2
Q

What are lay beliefs?

A

Assumptions that people hold to be true about their health.

Perspectives of ordinary people.

Different to views of doctors and professionals

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3
Q

Define culture

A

Values, norms, and traditions that affect how individuals of a particular group perceive, think, interact, behave, and make judgments about their world (Chamberlain 2005 p197).

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4
Q

Why are lay beliefs important?

A

Insights into needs of patient (information + support)

Knowing how they influence health seeking behaviour

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5
Q

What 3 things can make a patient seek medical help?

A

Perception of symptoms

Explanation of symptoms

Evaluation of symptoms (costs and benefits)

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6
Q

Name some social triggers to seeking medical help

A

Interference with social and personal relationships

Interference with vocational or physical activity

‘Sanctioning’ by others – influence of lay referral system

A ‘temporalising’ of symptomology

Interpersonal crisis

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7
Q

Give some examples of widely believed good health behaviours

A

Regular exercise
Healthy eating
Not smoking

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8
Q

Give some examples of health protective behaviours

A

Wearing a seatbelt

Health screening

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9
Q

Give some examples of health impairing habits

A

Smoking
High fat diet
Alcohol abuse

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10
Q

Define health behaviours

A

Behaviours that are related to the health status of the individual

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11
Q

DIAGRAM:

Draw out the ‘dual pathway model’ in which psychological processes may influence physical health

A

Psychological processes —> physical health
(direct path)

Psychological processes —> behaviour —> physical health
(indirect path)

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12
Q

What are the 4 determinants of health behaviour?

A

Background factors

Stable factors

Social factors

Situational factors

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13
Q

What are stable factors?

A

Individual differences, personality

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14
Q

How do stable factors influence appraisal of health? (3)

A

They determine if, and to what extent, an event is salient, i.e. sensitivity towards particular types of event

They provide a generalised framework for understanding and evaluating the event, e.g. as threat or challenge

They make available, or suggest, potential responses, i.e. initial response options

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15
Q

How do stable factors influence appraisal (of health)? (3)

A

They determine if, and to what extent, an event is salient, i.e. sensitivity towards particular types of event

They provide a generalised framework for understanding and evaluating the event, e.g. as threat or challenge

They make available, or suggest, potential responses, i.e. initial response options

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16
Q

What are the three broad types of individual differences?

A

Emotional dispositions

Generalised expectancies

Explanatory styles

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17
Q

What are the 5 personality traits of emotional disposition?

A 
OCEAN:
Openness to new experiences 
Conscientiousness 
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
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18
Q

What is the locus of control?

A

Expectations that future outcomes will be determined by factors that are either internal (self) or external (powerful others, and chance)

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19
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

Belief in one’s own ability to organise and execute a course of action, and the expectation that the action will result in, or lead to, a desired outcome

20
Q

Define optimism

A

Expectation of positive future outcome (however achieved) despite current negative event

21
Q

What is an attributional style?

A

Causal explanations of negative events as internal (self), permanent (time), and global (situation)

22
Q

DIAGRAM:

Draw out the health belief model

A

Slide 29 of health belief lecture (week 1 Monday)

23
Q

What are the 5 stages of change?

A

Precontemplation

Contemplation

Preparation

Action

Maintenance

(relapse)

24
Q

DIAGRAM:

Draw out the theory of planned behaviour (TPB)

A

Slide 30 of health belief lecture (week 1 Monday)

25
Q

Define prevalence

A

Number of people with a problem in a defined population at one time

26
Q

Define incidence

A

Number of new cases of a problem arising in a defined population in a defined period of time

27
Q

Define mortality rates

A

Number of people dying in a defined population in a defined period of time

28
Q

What is Chronic Illness?

A

The experience of a long-term condition for which there is currently no cure, and which is managed with drugs and other treatment

29
Q

Chronic illness is often:

A

Preventable

Degenerative

Costly

30
Q

What are the 4 stages of coping strategies in chronic illness?

A

Denial

Normalisation

Resignation

Accommodation

31
Q

What qualities does an expert patient have?

A

Feels confident and in control of their life

Manages their condition in partnership with healthcare professionals

Communications with professionals and shares responsibility for treatment

Is realistic about how their condition affects their family

Uses skills and knowledge to lead a full life

32
Q

Why is an expert patient programme beneficial in chronic illness?

A

Fewer visits to ED/GP

Better prepared for appointments

More confidence that symptoms would not interfere with lives

33
Q

What 3 common factors do patients with chronic illness usually experience?

A

Searching for meaning and explanation

Uncertainty and unpredictability

Coping and resilience

34
Q

What are some potential problems with expert patient programmes?

A

Not attractive to everyone

Not everyone able to participate e.g. timings, transport

Extra pressure on patient organisations with limited funding

35
Q

What are the five main belief dimension of chronic illness?

A

Identity - what is it?

Cause - what caused it?

Time - how long will it last?

Consequence - how will it impact my life?

Control-cure - can it be treated, managed?

36
Q

Which model when applied to chronic illness can help understand a patient’s illness behaviour?

A

Self-regulatory model

37
Q

What are the 5 sections of the self-regulatory model?

might be helpful to draw, understand how they link all together

A

Representation of illness

Appraisal

Coping (centre)

Emotional response to illness

Interpretation

38
Q

What is ‘caring’?

A

The work or practice of looking after those unable to care for themselves

39
Q

Who are paid carers?

A

Staff who work with people in residential care homes, in day centres and who provide personal care in someone’s home.

40
Q

What is an unpaid carer?

A

Carers provide unpaid care by looking after an ill, frail or disabled family member, friend or partner

41
Q

What % of adults are carers?

A

10% of the adult population are carers

42
Q

What 5 areas can caring impact on?

A

Financial

Work

Relationships and social exclusion

Health

Education

43
Q

What health impacts can caring cause?

A

Poorer mental health

Injuries due to manual handling

Lack of time to care for own health

Caring for a child with disability can cause disability to carer

44
Q

What are the main impacts of caring on young people?

A

Absence from school

Lower educational attainment

Behavioural
problems/bullying

Social exclusion/isolation

Stress

Physical health problems

Traumatic life changes

Poverty

Lack support and benefits

45
Q

What can Drs do to improve the health and wellbeing of carers?

A

Identify whether someone is a carer

Provide health care for the carer and the person they care for

Consider carer when discharge planning

Give early information about rights and entitlements

Signposting carers to services

46
Q

What wider support would benefit carers?

A

Better access to social care

Better social security benefits for carer and person cared for

Carer-friendly employment policies

Increased awareness of and services for:
Black and minority groups
Child carers

Block 3 (14 decks)

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