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Block 3 > Neuroendocrinology > Flashcards

Neuroendocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 2 types of neurons found in the hypothalamus

A

Parvocellular neurons

Magnocellular neurons

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2
Q

Where do parvocellular neurons go to?

A

Anterior pituitary via hypophysial portal system (capillary bed in the hypothalamus)

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3
Q

Where do magnocellular neurons go?

A

Axons extend directly to the posterior pituitary

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4
Q

What are the 3 axis of the neuroendocrine system?

A

Stress axis

Metabolism axis

Reproduction axis

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5
Q

How does the hypothalamus control homeostasis?

A

Behaviour - conscious thought e.g. seeking warmer environment

Neuronal control through the ANS (unconscious)

Hormonal control through hormone release from the pituitary gland (unconscious)

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6
Q

What is different about the blood brain barrier at the pituitary gland?

A

It is more ‘leaky’ than in other areas of the brain, selectively allows stuff into it to monitor input signals

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7
Q

What are the 6 homeostatic functions controlled by the hypothalamus

A

Blood pressure and electrolyte composition - control of drinking and salt appetite and control of blood osmolality and vasomotor tone

Body temperature - metabolic thermoregulation and behaviours like seeking an appropriate environment

Energy metabolism - feeding, digestion, metabolic rate

Reproduction - hormonal control of mating, pregnancy and lactation

Stress response - adrenal stress hormones

Growth - growth hormone

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8
Q

Why is the hypothalamus being closely related to the amygdala important?

A

Implies there is a signalling pathway from pre-frontal cortex to amygdala to hypothalamus. May describe emotional behaviour in homeostasis

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9
Q

Which nucleus in the hypothalamus is responsible for stress, energy balance and BP?

A

Paraventricular nucleus

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10
Q

What does the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus control?

A

Stress

Energy balance

Osmoregulation

Maternal control

BP

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11
Q

Which nucleus in the hypothalamus is a support centre for other functions in the hypothalamus

A

Supraoptic nucleus - supports osmoregulation and maternal control

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12
Q

What does the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus do?

A

Supports osmoregulation and maternal control (paraventricular support)

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13
Q

What does the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus control?

A

Reproduction

Growth

Lactation

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14
Q

Which nucleus in the hypothalamus is responsible for reproduction, growth and lactation?

A

Arcuate nucleus

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15
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Bony cavity at the base of the brain stem called the sella turcica

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16
Q

How is the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus?

A

Through the pituitary stalk

17
Q

Describe 4 things about the anterior pituitary gland

A

Develops from pharyngeal epithelium

Contains glandular cells

Parvocellular neurons

Releasing/inhibiting factors via portal system

18
Q

Describe 4 things about the posterior pituitary gland

A

Develops from neuronal tissues

Contains axon terminals

Magnocellular neurons

Hormones directly released from magnocellular neurons

19
Q

What is the developmental origin of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Pharyngeal epithelium

20
Q

What is the developmental origin of the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Neuronal tissue - makes sense, it has axons from the hypothalamus, means it is an extension of it

21
Q

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland?

A

GH

TSH (metabolism axis)

ACTH (stress axis)

FSH + LH (reproduction axis)

Prolactin - milk production

22
Q

What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary gland?

A

ADH

Oxytocin - milk letdown (linked with prolactin from anterior). Smooth muscle contractions during birth.

23
Q

Describe the release of vasopressin as a result of low BP

A
  1. Reduction in BP is detected by high pressure baroreceptors in the aorta and low pressure baroreceptors in the atria
  2. Sensory innervation via CN IX and X take info to nucleus tractus solitaries (NTS) in the brainstem
  3. The NTS signals to the hypothalamus to release vasopressin precursor
  4. VP travels to the posterior pituitary gland, which increases release of vasopressin
  5. Vasopressin acts on V1 receptors on blood vessels to increase vasoconstriction, therefore increasing blood pressure

Block 3 (14 decks)

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