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Block 3 > Neuro Anatomy and Embryology > Flashcards

Neuro Anatomy and Embryology Flashcards

Limbic System Cortex

1
Q

What 4 things make up the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Brain

Spinal cord

Retina

CNII

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2
Q

What 3 things make up the peripheral nervous system?

A

Spinal and cranial nerves (except CNII)

Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

Somatic sensory and somatic motor nerves

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3
Q

Name the 2 main cell types in the nervous system

A

Neurons (nerve cells)

Neuroglia (Glial cells)

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4
Q

Describe 3 things about nerve cells

A

Structural and functional units of the body

Afferent (sensory), efferent (motor), interneurons (e.g. reflex)

Rapid communication across synapses by neurotransmitters

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5
Q

Describe the basic structure of a nerve cell

A

Dendrite –> cell body (soma) –> axons –> axon terminal

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6
Q

Describe 3 things about neuroglia (glial cells)

A

5x more abundant

Support, nourish, insulate the neurons

Non-neural/non-excitable cells

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7
Q

Name the 4 types of neuroglia in the central nervous system

A

Oligodendrocytes

Astrocytes

Microglia

Ependymal cells

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8
Q

Name the 2 types of neuroglia in the peripheral nervous system

A

Satellite cells

Schwann cells

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9
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Help myelinate nerve and provide structural framework

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10
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A

Maintain the blood brain barrier

Recycle neurotransmitter

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11
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

Remove waste and pathogens by phagocytosis

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12
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

Line the ventricles (spaces) in the brain and spine

Help produce CSF

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13
Q

What is the function of satellite cells?

A

Help regulate nutrient and neurotransmitter levels around the nerves

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14
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells?

A

Myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system

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15
Q 
Match these 4 words together: 
Sensory 
Motor 
Efferent 
Afferent
A

Sensory - Afferent

Motor - Efferent

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of afferent (sensory) input into a spinal nerve?

A

Somatic sensory (somatic tissues)

Visceral sensory (organs and vessels)

Special visceral sensory (e.g. taste)

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of efferent (motor) output from a spinal nerve?

A

Somatic motor (skeletal muscle)

Branchio-motor (pharyngeal arch muscle)

Visceral/Autonomic motor (organs and vessels)

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18
Q

In embryology, what forms the nervous system?

A

Ectodermal neural plate

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19
Q

When does the ectodermal neural plate appear?

A

Week 3

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20
Q

Briefly describe neural tube folding

A

Edges of neural plates fold and lift away from the ectoderm to approach the midline.

The cervical region folds first, then moving up to cranial and caudal ends.

Open ends form caudal and cranial neuropores

The closed neural arches form the neural tube

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21
Q

Which supplement prevents 70% of neural tube defects?

A

Folic acid

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22
Q

What 2 birth defects can be caused by incomplete closing of the cranial neuropore?

A

Anencephaly

Meroanencephaly

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23
Q

What birth defect can be caused by incomplete closing of the caudal neuropore?

A

Spina bifida

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24
Q

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles (week 4)?

A

Prosencephalon

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon

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25
Q

What are the 5 secondary brain vesicles (week 6)?

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon

Mesencephalon

Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

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26
Q

How are the primary and secondary brain vesicles related?

A

Prosencephalon

  • ->telencephalon
  • -> diencephalon

Mesencephalon
–>mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon

  • ->metencephalon
  • ->myelencephalon
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27
Q

In the adult brain, what is formed out of the telencephalon and diencephalon?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

Thalamus (telencephalon)
Hypothalamus (diencephalon)

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28
Q

In the adult brain, what is formed out of the mesencephalon?

A

Midbrain

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29
Q

In the adult brain, what is formed out of the metencephalon and myelencephalon?

A

Cerebellum and pons (metencephalon)

Medulla (myelencephalon)

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30
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

Raised part of the cerebrum

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31
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

Sunken part of the cerebrum

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32
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

White matter tract that links the right and left hemispheres

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33
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

White matter structure that comes off the corpus callosum

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34
Q

Which 2 lobes does the central sulcus separate?

A

Frontal and parietal

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35
Q

Name the 5 lobes of the brain

A

Frontal

Parietal

Occipital

Temporal

Insula

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36
Q

Where is the pre-central gyrus?

A

Immediately anterior to the central sulcus

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37
Q

Why is the pre-central gyrus important?

Where does it sit?

A

Primary motor cortex of the cerebrum

Posterior portion of the frontal lobe

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38
Q

Why is the post central gyrus important?

Where does it sit?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

Anterior portion of the parietal lobe

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39
Q

What is the fissure superior to the temporal lobe?

A

Lateral sulcus

Sylvian Fissure

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40
Q

Where can you find the superior, middle and inferior temporal gyri?

A

Temporal lobe

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41
Q

Where is the insula?

A

Hidden deep in the lateral sulcus

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42
Q

What is the insula responsible for?

A

Higher pain processing

Language processing

Emotion

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43
Q

Where would you find the primary visual cortex

A

In the occipital lobe

Above and below the calcarine sulcus

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44
Q

What is the cingulate gyrus responsible for?

A

Higher autonomic control e.g.:

Bladder control
Respiratory rate
Heart rate

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45
Q

Which Brodmann area is the primary motor cortex?

A

4

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46
Q

Which Brodmann area is the pre-motor cortex?

A

6

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47
Q

What does the primary motor cortex do?

Brodmann 4

A

Controls contralateral body motor functions

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48
Q

What does the pre-motor cortex do?

Brodmann 6

A

Motor programme retrieval

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49
Q

Which Brodmann area is the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

1

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50
Q

What does the primary somatosensory cortex do?

Brodmann 1

A

(Post-Central Gyrus)

Receives contralateral sensory input from the body (including taste)

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51
Q

Which Brodmann area is the primary visual cortex?

52
Q

What does the primary visual cortex do?

Brodmann 17

A

Receives contralateral visual field information from both eyes

53
Q

Which Brodmann area is the primary auditory cortex?

54
Q

What does the primary auditory cortex do?

Brodmann 41

A

Receives bilateral auditory sensory input

55
Q

What 4 functions are specific to the left side of the brain?

A

Bilateral audio

Speech

Writing

Language

56
Q

What 3 functions are specific to the right side of the brain?

A

Bilateral audio

Spatial perception

Facial recognition

57
Q

What is contained in the cortex of the brain (in terms of cells)?

A

Cell bodies

It is an outer covering of grey matter

58
Q

What is white matter?

A

Myelinated axons that connect to other regions of the brain/spinal cord

Sits deeper in the brain

59
Q

What are ventricles?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid filled chambers within the subcortical regions of the brain.

Situated in proximity to multiple nuclei and functional regions of the brain.

Produce CSF via choroid plexus.

60
Q

What is a nucleus in the CNS?

A

A collection of neuronal cell bodies at a point of synapse

that share a similar function and projection

61
Q

Describe the thalamus

A

(Left and right) is a collection of nuclei with multiple functions

62
Q

Name the 3 basal ganglia (nuclei)

A

Putamen
Caudate
Globus pallidus

63
Q

What makes up the lentiform nucleus?

A

Putamen and Globus pallidus

basal ganglia

64
Q

What makes up the striatum?

A

Putamen and caudate nucleus

basal ganglia

65
Q

What is synaesthesia?

A

A combination of senses that provides an unusual interpretation

66
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

The inability to recognise faces

67
Q

Where are association fibres found?

A

Within a hemisphere

68
Q

Where are commissural fibres found?

A

Between hemispheres

69
Q

Where are projection fibres found?

A

To the brainstem/spinal cord

70
Q

Give an example of commissural fibres

A

Corpus callosum

71
Q

What does Wernicke’s area do?

Brodmann 22

A

Understanding/interpreting heard, spoken and written word

72
Q

What is a fasciculus?

A

bundle of fibres sharing a similar function and route of travel

73
Q

Where do CN I and CN II arise from?

A

The forebrain

74
Q

Where do CN III - CNX, CN XII arise from?

A

The brainstem

75
Q

Where does CN XI arise from?

A

Brainstem

Spinal cord (C1-5)

76
Q

What 3 regions make up the brainstem?

A

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla

77
Q

Which 2 vessels are the major blood supply to the brain?

A

Internal carotid arteries

Vertebral arteries

78
Q

What are the 2 dural layers in the brain?

A

Periosteal layer (thick, on top)

Meningeal layer

79
Q

What are the 3 meningeal layers of the CNS?

A

Dura

Arachnoid

Pia mater

80
Q

Where is the dural venous sinus?

A

Between the 2 layers of dura

81
Q

Describe 2 things about the dural venous sinus

A

Blood from CNS drains to these sinuses

Sinuses are valveless and endothelial lined

82
Q

What is the role of the posterior parietal cortex?

A

To integrate sensory input

Control perception of contralateral body/environment

83
Q

How can damage to the posterior parietal cortex present?

A

Hemispatial neglect

84
Q

Which cortices are located in the medial occipital/temporal lobe?

A

Facial recognition

Colour recognition

Shape recognition

85
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

Inability to recognise faces

86
Q

What is the inability to recognise faces known as?

A

Prosopagnosia

87
Q

What is achromatopsia

A

Inability to recognise colours

88
Q

What is the inability to recognise colours known as?

A

Achromatopsia

89
Q

What is associative agnosia?

A

Sees object but does not recognise/distinguish

90
Q

What is apperceptive agnosia

A

Fail to perceive/see and object

91
Q

Which are of the cortex is damage if the patient presents with associative and apperceptive agnosia?

A

Brodmann area 18 (anterior to the primary visual cortex)

92
Q

What cerebral artery supplies hearing, speech, and language areas?

A

Middle cerebral artery

93
Q

Draw out the blood supply to the brain

94
Q

Draw out the blood supply to the brain with CN nuclei

95
Q

Where is the zone of aphasia?

A

Left sided dominant function, each side of the Sylvian fissure

96
Q

What is Broca’s area responsible for?

A

Motor speech

97
Q

How would damage to Broca’s area present?

A

Content correct, but slow or missing words, can be slow or disjointed speech

98
Q

What is Wernickes area responsible for?

A

Comprehension of speech

99
Q

How would damage to Wernicke’s area present?

A

Receptive aphasia

Content incorrect, but speech fluent.

Motor in tact, but speech makes no sense

100
Q

What is the angular gyrus responsible for?

A

Reading and writing

101
Q

Where is the angular gyrus located?

A

Angle of posterior lateral fissure

102
Q

What is a fasciculus?

A

Bundle of fibres sharing a similar function and route of travel

103
Q

Describe the somatic organisation of the internal capsule, from anterior to posterior

A

Anterior - descending fibres

Genu - motor to the head

Posterior limb - Motor to arm + leg

Posterior portion of posterior limb - sensory, vision and hearing

104
Q

What arteries supply the striatum and internal capsule?

A

Lateral and medial striate, and anterior choroidal artery

Comes of the ICA before the Circle of Willis

105
Q

Where do the anterior and posterior choroidal arteries come from?

A

Anterior - branch off the ICA at/just before the circle of willis

Posterior - branch off the PCA

106
Q

What does the anterior choroidal artery supply?

A

Thalamus

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

Globus pallidus (internal and external)

Optic tract

Lateral geniculate body

Posterior limb of internal capsule

Limbic system

107
Q

Describe the limbic system

A

Many of the structures form a ring around the diencephalon (thalamus + hypothalamus)

Involved in sensations of emotions, visceral responses to emotion, memories

108
Q

What is the Papez circuit?

A

The route of the flow of information within the limbic system

109
Q

Write out the Papez circuit

A

Cingulate gyrus –> Hippocampus –> fornix –> mammillary bodies –> anterior thalamic nucleus –>cingulate gyrus

110
Q

What would happen if the Papez circuit was disrupted?

A

Affect memory, response to memory or emotions

111
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

Memory formation and recall

112
Q

Where is the hippocampus located?

A

Inferomedial temporal lobe

Near the brainstem

113
Q

What is the blood supply to the hippocampus?

A

Posterior cerebral artery

114
Q

How might damage to the hippocampus present?

A

Anterograde amnesia

No new memory formation

Still able to recall long term memories

115
Q

What are the 2 types of long term memory?

A

Declarative/explicit

Procedural/implicit

116
Q

Describe Korsakoff’s Psychosis

A

Mammillary and thalamic damage due to thiamine (Vit B1) deficiency

Metabolic damage/alcohol abuse

117
Q

How would Korsakoff’s Psychosis present?

A

Antegrade amnesia

Often retrograde amnesia

Confabulation - insertion of fabricated memories of long term events into current conversation

Hallucinations

118
Q

What is the anterior portion of the cingulate gyrus responsible for?

A

Autonomic area: Cardiorespiratory and digestion, visceral response to emotion

Bladder control

Emotional modulation of pain

119
Q

What is the posterior portion of the cingulate gyrus responsible for?

A

Vocal area controlling appropriate sentence construction

Memory, cognition

120
Q

What is the role of the amygdala?

A

Controls emotions, responses and systems

121
Q

Name some inputs to the amygdala

A

Visual and auditory

Sensory from body

Solitary tract

Olfactory and limbic system

Hypothalmic

122
Q

Name some outputs from the amygdala

A

Hypothalamus

Hippocampus

Multiple areas of the cortex

123
Q

Which branch of CN VII detects taste from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

A

Chorda tympani

Branch given off in the facial canal

124
Q

What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

What are some of its symptoms?

A

Bilateral damage to the amygdala

Docile
Lack of fear 
Increased appetite
Hypersexual
Exploratory behaviour with hands/mouth

Visual agnosia

125
Q

Which areas of the limbic system are associated with sexual and orgasm sensations?

A

Septal and Accumbens Nuclei

126
Q

Apart from sexual pleasure, what also stimulates the septal and accumbens nuclei?

A

Amphetamine and cocaine

Block 3 (14 decks)

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